{"id":975,"date":"2025-09-28T09:40:40","date_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:40:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=975"},"modified":"2025-09-28T09:57:05","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:57:05","slug":"%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%b4%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%84-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=975","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651 (268-610\u0645)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651 (<\/strong><strong>268<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>610\u0645<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Media and Forms of communication in the pre-Islamic Era<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f.\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u0642\u0631<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Youssef Faysal Sskr<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 29\/ 6\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 13\/ 7\/2025<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a -\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a &#8211;\u00a0 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The media is an important human means of highlighting the heroism and exploits of individuals. It is a strategic civilizational phenomenon that was known among individuals, tribes, and Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam. Thus, the Arabs developed many forms and methods of communication, each serving specific purposes. A defining feature of pre-Islamic media was the control exercised by ruling authorities\u2014whether directly or through guidance and funding. Among the various media tools, poetry was the most prominent. The poet was the spokesperson of the tribe, defending its honor, just as marketplaces served as gathering spots for dialogue, debate, conflict resolution, and oratory.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong> :Signals- signs- Speech- Proverbs- Stories- Flags- Fires<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 (268 &#8211; 634 \u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 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\u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0649\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u063a\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn72\" name=\"_ftnref72\">[72]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647<a href=\"#_ftn73\" name=\"_ftnref73\">[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0631 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\u062a\u0633\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a 597 \u0647\u0640\/ 1200\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/strong>\u060c 18 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c 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\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 (\u062a 485\u0647\u0640\/1286\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c 1982.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a \u0664\u0665\u0666 \u0647\/ \u0661.\u0666\u0664\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c (\u062a 711 \u0647\/ 1211 \u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c 15\u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1994.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644(\u062a 338\u0647\u0640 \/ 949\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 (\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 170\u0647\u0640 \/ 786\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1986.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641 ( \u062a 356\u0647\u0640\/ 967\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c 24 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1992.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u062a 328\u0647\u0640\/\u060c 940\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u06375\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u062f.\u062a).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u062a487 \u0647\u0640 \/ 1094\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0649\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1996.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>12- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a 255\u0647\u0640\/869\u0645)\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 6 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1938.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 4 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1968.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 (911\u0647\u0640\/ 1505\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1987.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631(\u062a 210\u0647\u0640 \/ 922\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/strong>\u060c 6 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644 (\u062a 382\u0647\u0640 \/ 992\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c 1966.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (\u062a 518\u0647\u0640\/1124\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a (\u062a 626\u0647\u0640\/ 1228\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 5 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d (\u062a 292 \u0647\u0640 \/ 950\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u06372\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1960.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1951.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0638 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c<\/strong>\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 1994\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c 10 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1993.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Farmers Henry George, <strong>A History of Arabia Music to the X111th Century<\/strong>, published by Good World, first edition: New Delhi, 2001.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Klapper, Joseph; <strong>The Effects of Mass communication<\/strong>, New York, free press, 1967.<\/li>\n<li>R.A, <strong>A Literary History of the Arabs<\/strong>, Cambridge University press, second edition, London, 1930.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c (\u062a 711 \u0647\/ 1211 \u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c 15 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1994\u060c \u062c\u0640 11\u060c \u0635130.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 [3] Klapper, Joseph; <strong>The Effects of Mass communication<\/strong>, New York, free press, 1967. p. 60.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1971\u060c \u063518 \u2013 19.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a 456 \u0647\/ 1064\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001. \u062c\u06401\u060c \u063570.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063520.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062a 255\u0647\/869\u0645)\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 6 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c 1938\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u063572.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Nicholson. R.A, <strong>A Literary History of the Arabs<\/strong>, Cambridge University press, second edition, London, 1930. p. 72.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d (\u062a 292 \u0647\u0640 \/ 950\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635180.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Farmers Henry George, <strong>A History of Arabia Music to the X111th Century<\/strong>, published by Good World, first edition: New Delhi, 2001, p.9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u063512.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064010\u060c \u0635455 \u2013 456.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u062a 245\u0647\u0640 \/ 109\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u06a9\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635270 \u2013 272\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635230 \u2013 231.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u06372\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1960\u060c \u0635374.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631(\u062a 210\u0647\u0640\/ 922\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/strong>\u060c 6 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635376\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a 597 \u0647\u0640\/ 1200\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a<\/strong> <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/strong>\u060c 18 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1995\u060c \u062c\u06404\u060c \u0635149.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0628\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/strong>\u060c \u0635371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u00a0\u0635231.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/strong>\u060c \u0635371\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a (\u062a 626\u0647\u0640\/ 1228\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 5 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1979\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635435\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u062a487 \u0647\u0640\/ 1094\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0649\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1996\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635529.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06404\u060c \u0635369 \u2013 370.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1951\u060c \u0635126 \u2013 127.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 (\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 170\u0647\u0640 \/ 786\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1986\u060c \u0635183\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 (\u062a 276\u0647\u0640 \/ 889\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0645\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0632\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985\u060c \u0635138\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u062a 328\u0647\u0640\/ 940\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u06375\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)\u060c \u0635371\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644(\u062a 338\u0647\u0640 \/ 949\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u063589\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641( \u062a 356\u0647\u0640\/967\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c 24 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1992\u060c \u062c\u0640 11\u060c \u063550.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0638 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c<\/strong>\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 139-140.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><strong>[22]<\/strong><\/a> \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635227.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (\u062a 518\u0647\u0640\/1124\u0645 )\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635114.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06405\u060c \u0635243.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c 10 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1993\u060c \u062c\u06407\u060c \u0635551.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635217.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06405\u060c \u0635511.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635311-312\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635218 \u2013 219.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> Farmer. H. G, <strong>Ibid<\/strong>, p. 8.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063590\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635124 \u2013 125.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635266.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06408\u060c \u063577.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635203\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u063587.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635461.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> Nicholson, A.R, <strong>Ibid<\/strong>, p. 39.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 (\u062a 485\u0647\u0640\/1286\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c\u00a0 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c 1982\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635791.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635208.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06404\u060c \u063569.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064022\u060c \u063590.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06405\u060c \u0635331.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c 4 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u06373\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1968\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u063595.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06408\u060c \u0635774.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635241.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635158 \u2013 159\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635220.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06403\u060c \u06356-7.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635371\u060c \u0648 \u062c\u06403\u060c \u0635117.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">[47]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063521.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">[48]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635155\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644 (\u062a 382\u0647\u0640 \/ 992\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c 1966\u060c \u063552 \u2013 53.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">[49]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635361.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">[50]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635349.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">[51]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064011\u060c \u0635611 \u2013 612.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">[52]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0640 8\u060c \u0635358.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\">[53]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (911\u0647\u0640\/ 1505\u0645)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c (\u062f.\u0637)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1987\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635503.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">[54]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635486.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">[55]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06408\u060c \u0635370<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06407\u060c \u063574-75.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">[57]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635118.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\">[58]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064011\u060c\u00a0 \u063513.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\">[59]<\/a> Nicholson, R. A, <strong>Ibid<\/strong>, p. 122.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\">[60]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635179\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635366 &#8211; 368\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06405\u060c \u0635319 \u2013 320\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u063563 \u2013 66.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\">[61]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u062c\u0639<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635373.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\">[62]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635149.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftn63\">[63]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064013\u060c \u0635312.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftn64\">[64]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06408\u060c \u0635374.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftn65\">[65]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u063597 \u2013 98.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref66\" name=\"_ftn66\">[66]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064015\u060c\u00a0 \u0635266.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref67\" name=\"_ftn67\">[67]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u063563\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635472.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref68\" name=\"_ftn68\">[68]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635328\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635791.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref69\" name=\"_ftn69\">[69]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063528.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref70\" name=\"_ftn70\">[70]<\/a> \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0635\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref71\" name=\"_ftn71\">[71]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063529.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref72\" name=\"_ftn72\">[72]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635800.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref73\" name=\"_ftn73\">[73]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635132.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref74\" name=\"_ftn74\">[74]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064015\u060c\u00a0 \u0635179.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref75\" name=\"_ftn75\">[75]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0635800.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref76\" name=\"_ftn76\">[76]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063529.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref77\" name=\"_ftn77\">[77]<\/a> \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635131 \u2013 132.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref78\" name=\"_ftn78\">[78]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635407 \u2013 409.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref79\" name=\"_ftn79\">[79]<\/a> \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063512.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref80\" name=\"_ftn80\">[80]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635119\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635106\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635203.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref81\" name=\"_ftn81\">[81]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063575.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref82\" name=\"_ftn82\">[82]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064015\u060c \u0635315.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref83\" name=\"_ftn83\">[83]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063575.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref84\" name=\"_ftn84\">[84]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635566.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref85\" name=\"_ftn85\">[85]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063528.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref86\" name=\"_ftn86\">[86]<\/a> \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063514.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref87\" name=\"_ftn87\">[87]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c<strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064015\u060c \u0635171 \u2013 172.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref88\" name=\"_ftn88\">[88]<\/a> Nicholson. R.A; <strong>Ibid<\/strong>, p. 138.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref89\" name=\"_ftn89\">[89]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631<\/strong><strong>\u062c\u0639<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06408\u060c \u0635563.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref90\" name=\"_ftn90\">[90]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u063568 \u2013 69.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref91\" name=\"_ftn91\">[91]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635120\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06406\u060c \u0635130\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u064011\u060c \u0635274<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref92\" name=\"_ftn92\">[92]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063598\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635181\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635504.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref93\" name=\"_ftn93\">[93]<\/a> \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06405\u060c \u063551\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06406\u060c \u0635305\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064012\u060c \u0635488.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref94\" name=\"_ftn94\">[94]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06407\u060c \u0635382.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref95\" name=\"_ftn95\">[95]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06407\u060c \u0635398.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref96\" name=\"_ftn96\">[96]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06401\u060c \u0635293\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062c\u06404\u060c \u0635315\u060c \u0648 \u062c\u064014\u060c \u0635279.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref97\" name=\"_ftn97\">[97]<\/a> \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u063596 \u2013 97.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref98\" name=\"_ftn98\">[98]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u0635123.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651 (268&#8211;610\u0645) Media and Forms of communication in the pre-Islamic Era \u062f.\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u0642\u0631[1] Youssef Faysal Sskr \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 29\/ 6\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 13\/ 7\/2025 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":955,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[60],"class_list":["post-975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-60"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/975","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=975"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/975\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1011,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/975\/revisions\/1011"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=975"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=975"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}