{"id":954,"date":"2025-09-28T09:24:08","date_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:24:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=954"},"modified":"2025-09-28T09:57:05","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:57:05","slug":"%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a8-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%87-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%aa%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=954","title":{"rendered":"\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Aspects of Discourse Theory:<\/strong> <strong>\u00a0Definition and Eloquence<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623. \u0645\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Dr. Kamil A. Mikhael<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 4\/ 7\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 30\/ 7\/2025<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628-\u0645\u0646-\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0651\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0651. \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This research explores various aspects of discourse theory through the lens of insights gained from poststructuralism. This research first investigates the philosophy of poststructuralism and its critical ideas that address structuralism. The second section of the research examines discourse and its fundamental role in the literature of poststructuralist thinkers, and then it traces the evolution of discourse definitions, their variety, and their relationship to the real world. The third section investigates discourse eloquence, semantics, and pragmatic strategies, including implicature. The final section presents the research findings and examines the theorization of discourse through a new framework that combines creativity and cognition. This approach focuses on analyzing what is unique (particular) and shared (public) within discourse studies.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: poststructuralism, discourse theory, empty signifier, eloquence, social constructionism.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0634\u0648 (Michel P\u00eacheux) \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0633 (J\u00fcrgen Habermas)\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0628\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong> (<strong>primacy of theory<\/strong> <strong>The<\/strong>): \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (<\/strong><strong>The decentering of the subject<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a (Roland Barthes) \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Reading, texts, and writing<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u062d\u0631\u0651 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u064c \u062d\u0631\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0651\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0642.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 (<\/strong><strong>The concept of discourse<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> :\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Mikhail Bakhtin)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651. \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643 (<\/strong><strong>Hermeneutics of suspicion<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0631 (Paul Ricoeur). \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Relativism<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Russian Formalism)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 (Postmodernism)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Subjectivity) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f (Indeterminacy)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (Change and Fluidity)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0636\u0628\u061b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 (Speech act theory) \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0631 (Johannes Angermuller) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648 (Michel Foucault)\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629&#8230; \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0629 (Filter)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a (Representations) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a (Practices).<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0632\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0623\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647<\/strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>)<\/sup>:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.2 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 (Constructing reality) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Systematic practices) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Power and knowledge) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 (Historical contingency). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.2 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 ]\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628[ \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 (Sociocultural) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a (James Paul Gee) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Social practice)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 (Jargon) \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 (Big <strong>D<\/strong> Discourse) \u0648(Little <strong>d<\/strong> discourse)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.2 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0627 (Empty signifier)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648 (Ernesto Laclau)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 (Hegemony). \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628&#8230; \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628) \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 (\u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629) \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 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\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Transcendentalism)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Quasi-Transcendentalism)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 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\u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Epistemology)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0650\u062e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0644 (Stuart Hall) \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 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\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 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\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 9\/12\/2024 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 16:14)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0634\u0643\u0627&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f 32 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u06482 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 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\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0641 (Norman Fairclough) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.2<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0643 (Ruth Wodak) \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn37\" name=\"_ftnref37\">[37]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.2<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629- \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629- \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn38\" name=\"_ftnref38\">[38]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 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\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn40\" name=\"_ftnref40\">[40]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a (Jacob Torfing)\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 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(Teun van Dijk) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 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\u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn43\" name=\"_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a>)<\/sup>:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0646<\/p>\n<p>(Discourse is constitutive) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Dialectical relationship)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Discourse is constituted)<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/p>\n<p>(\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629) (\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a)<\/p>\n<p>(\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0648)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0631)<\/p>\n<p>(\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1): \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 (Social constructionism) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Social constructivism)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn44\" name=\"_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0651 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 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name=\"_ftnref46\">[46]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a (<\/strong><strong>Ideological square<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a (Semiotic square) \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn48\" name=\"_ftnref48\">[48]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.3 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a: <\/strong>\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn49\" name=\"_ftnref49\">[49]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0627!\u061f<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.3 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0651 (<\/strong><strong>Conversational implicature<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 (Paul Grice) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn50\" name=\"_ftnref50\">[50]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 (Utterance)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn51\" name=\"_ftnref51\">[51]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn52\" name=\"_ftnref52\">[52]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.3 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 (<\/strong><strong>Speech acts<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn53\" name=\"_ftnref53\">[53]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0640\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 (Locutionary act) \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651 (Illocutionary act)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651 (Perlocutionary act)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn54\" name=\"_ftnref54\">[54]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn55\" name=\"_ftnref55\">[55]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn56\" name=\"_ftnref56\">[56]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.3 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 (<\/strong><strong>Frame theory<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn57\" name=\"_ftnref57\">[57]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0646<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn58\" name=\"_ftnref58\">[58]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634 (Walter Kintsch) \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0651\u0637: \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 (\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn59\" name=\"_ftnref59\">[59]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn60\" name=\"_ftnref60\">[60]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 (\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u062e\u061b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a (\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f)\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.3 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Conceptual metaphor<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn61\" name=\"_ftnref61\">[61]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn62\" name=\"_ftnref62\">[62]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 (Loose use)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn63\" name=\"_ftnref63\">[63]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn64\" name=\"_ftnref64\">[64]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0632\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 (Cohesion) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn65\" name=\"_ftnref65\">[65]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong>7.3 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 (<\/strong><strong>Intertextuality<\/strong><strong>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 (<\/strong><strong>Interdiscursivity<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0640\u064a\u0640\ufb6c\u0640\u0627 (Julia Kristeva) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629: \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn66\" name=\"_ftnref66\">[66]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u061b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0641: \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn67\" name=\"_ftnref67\">[67]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn68\" name=\"_ftnref68\">[68]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn69\" name=\"_ftnref69\">[69]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.3 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a (<\/strong><strong>Conversational mitigation<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn70\" name=\"_ftnref70\">[70]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u064e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u064e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn71\" name=\"_ftnref71\">[71]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062f\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn72\" name=\"_ftnref72\">[72]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 (Ambiguity) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a (Vagueness)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn73\" name=\"_ftnref73\">[73]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062d\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Dysphemism)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0643\u0644 (Jean-Jacques Lecercle) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>9.3 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 (<\/strong><strong>Presupposition<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn74\" name=\"_ftnref74\">[74]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(4) <\/strong>\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.3 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Denotation<\/strong><strong>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Connotation<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn75\" name=\"_ftnref75\">[75]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00a0\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a (Fascist) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>11.3 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 (<\/strong><strong>Omission<\/strong><strong>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 (<\/strong><strong>Repetition<\/strong><strong>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Nominalization<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn76\" name=\"_ftnref76\">[76]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn77\" name=\"_ftnref77\">[77]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0623 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 (\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644 (\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646 (\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 (\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644 (\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (5) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f<\/strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn78\" name=\"_ftnref78\">[78]<\/a>)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn79\" name=\"_ftnref79\">[79]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn80\" name=\"_ftnref80\">[80]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 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\u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0651\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0627)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 (Genius) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0632\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623. (1996). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631) <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623. (2005). <strong>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><strong> \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Abrams, M. H. &amp; Harpham, G. G. (2012). <em>A glossary of literary terms<\/em>. Boston: Wadsworth.<\/li>\n<li>Althusser, L. (1972). <em>Lenin and philosophy<\/em>. New York: Monthly review press.<\/li>\n<li>Angermuller, J. (2020). Poststructuralist discourse studies: From structure to practice. In A. De Fina &amp; A. 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(1998). <em>Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach<\/em>. London: Sage.<\/li>\n<li>van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. <em>Discourse and society (4): 2<\/em>, 249-283.<\/li>\n<li>Weizman, E. (1993). Interlanguage requestive hints. In G. Kasper &amp; S. Blum-Kulka (eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics, 123-137. Oxford: Oxford university press.<\/li>\n<li>Williams, J. (2005). <em>Understanding poststructuralism<\/em>. Chesham: Acumen.<\/li>\n<li>Wodak, R. (2007). Pragmatics and critical discourse analysis: A cross-disciplinary inquiry. <em>Pragmatics and cognition (15): 1<\/em>, 203-225.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"62\">\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 (3):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>https:\/\/chat.whatsapp.com\/Jd1vwBctxwoGoTD3a6S72H (Accessed on December 13,2024)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"63\">\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (64):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>https:\/\/chat.whatsapp.com\/JabBUkVUWB612SxsyBYoHR (Accessed on December 13,2024)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"64\">\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (27):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/reel\/DDXS_SuR0Ex\/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&amp;igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== (Accessed on December 13,2024)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a>([1]) \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623. \u0645\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>([2]) Crick, N. A. (2019). Poststructuralism. In D. L. Cloud (ed.), <em>The Oxford encyclopedia of communication and critical cultural Studies (3)<\/em>, Oxford: Oxford university press, pp. 1307-1309.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>([3]) Eagleton, T. (1983). <em>Literary theory: An introduction<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 128.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>([4]( Williams, J. (2005). <em>Understanding poststructuralism<\/em>. Chesham: Acumen. pp. 5-6.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>([5]) Abrams, M. H. &amp; Harpham, G. G. (2012). <em>A glossary of literary terms<\/em>. Boston: Wadsworth. pp. 308-313.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>([6]) Devetak, R. (2013). Poststructuralism. In S. Burchill et al. (eds.), <em>Theories of international relations<\/em>, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 200-207.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>([7]) Broadfoot, K., Deetz, S., &amp; Anderson, D. (2004). Multi-levelled, multi-method approaches to organizational discourse. In D. Grant et al. (eds.), <em>The Sage handbook of organizational discourse<\/em>, London: Sage, p. 195.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>([8]) Althusser, L. (1972). <em>Lenin and philosophy<\/em>. New York: Monthly review press. pp. 163-164.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>([9]) Swann, J. et al. (2004). <em>Dictionary of sociolinguistics<\/em>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh university press. p. 247.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>([10]) Paz, A. I. (2013). Discourse theory. In R. J. McGee &amp; R. L. Warms (eds.), <em>Theory in social and cultural anthropology: An encyclopedia (1)<\/em>, London: Sage, p. 193.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>([11]) Castle, G. (2013).<em> The literary theory handbook<\/em>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 167.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a>([12]( Angermuller, J. (2020). Poststructuralist discourse studies: From structure to practice. In A. De Fina &amp; A. Georgakopoulou (eds.), <em>The Cambridge handbook of discourse studies<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, p. 236.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a>([13]) Paz (2013). Discourse theory. In McGee &amp; Warms (eds.), <em>Theory in social and cultural anthropology: An encyclopedia (1)<\/em>, p. 193.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a>([14]) Dunn, K. C. &amp; Neumann, I. B. (2019). <em>Undertaking discourse analysis for social research<\/em>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan press. pp. 33-34.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>([15]) Paz (2013). Discourse theory. In McGee &amp; Warms (eds.), <em>Theory in social and cultural anthropology: An encyclopedia (1)<\/em>, p. 191.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a>([16]) Dunn &amp; Neumann (2019). <em>Undertaking discourse analysis for social research<\/em>. p. 62.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a>([17]) Schatzki, T. R. (2001). Practice mind-ed orders. In T. R. Schatzki, K. K. Cetina, &amp; E. von Savigny (eds.), <em>The practice turn in contemporary theory<\/em>, London: Routledge, p. 53.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a>([18]) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Foucault, M. (1972) [1969]. <em>The archaeology of knowledge: And the discourse on language<\/em>. Translated by Sheridan Smith. London: Tavistock. p. 49.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a>([19]) Foucault (1972) [1969]. <em>Archaeology of knowledge: And the discourse on language. <\/em>pp. 49-55.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a>([20]) Gee, J. P. (2008). <em>Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourse<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 3.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a>([21]) Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2008). <em>Research methods in education<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 389.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a>([22]) Laclau, E. (1996). <em>Emancipation(s)<\/em>. London: Verso. pp. 44-45.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a>([23]) Torfing, J. (2011). Discourse. In K. Dowding (ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of power<\/em>, London: Sage. p. 193.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a>([24]) Dunn &amp; Neumann (2019). <em>Undertaking discourse analysis for social research<\/em>. p. 19.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a>([25]) Hartley, J. (2002). <em>Communication, cultural, and media studies: The key concepts<\/em>. London:\u00a0 Routledge. p. 73.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a>([26])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hall, S. (2001). Foucault: Power, knowledge, and discourse. In M. Wetherell, S. Taylor, &amp; S. J. Yates (eds.), <em>Discourse theory and practice: A reader<\/em>, London: Sage, p. 72.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a>([27]) Angermuller (2020). Poststructuralist discourse studies: From structure to practice. In De Fina &amp; Georgakopoulou (eds.), <em>The Cambridge handbook of discourse studies<\/em>, p. 236.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a>([28]) Torfing (2011) Discourse. In Dowding (ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of power<\/em>. p. 193.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a>([29]) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (27):<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/reel\/DDXS_SuR0Ex\/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&amp;igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== (Accessed on December 13,2024)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a>([30]) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (64):<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/chat.whatsapp.com\/JabBUkVUWB612SxsyBYoHR (Accessed on December 13,2024(<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a>([31]) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 (3):<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/chat.whatsapp.com\/Jd1vwBctxwoGoTD3a6S72H (Accessed on December 13,2024)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><\/a>([32]) De Beaugrande, R. &amp; Dressler W. 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London: Sage, pp. 358-363.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><\/a>([37]) Fairclough, N., Mulderrig, J., &amp; Wodak, R. (2011). Critical discourse analysis. In T. A. Van Dijk (ed.), <em>Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction<\/em>, London: Sage, pp. 357-378.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><\/a>([38]) Jager, S. (2001). Discourse and knowledge: Theoretical and methodological aspects of a critical discourse and dispositive analysis. In R. Wodak &amp; M. Meyer (eds.), <em>Methods of critical discourse analysis<\/em>, London: Sage, p.33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><\/a>([39]) Laclau, E. &amp; Mouffe, C.\u00a0 (1985\/2001). <em>Hegemony and socialist strategy<\/em>. London: Verso. pp. 112-113.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><\/a>([40]) J\u00f8rgensen, M. &amp; Phillips, L. (2002). <em>Discourse analysis as theory and Method<\/em>. London: Sage. p. 38.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><\/a>([41]) Torfing (2005). Discourse theory: Achievements, arguments, and challenges. In Howarth &amp; Torfing (eds.), <em>Discourse theory in European politics: Identity policy and governance<\/em>, p. 25.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><\/a>([42]) van Dijk, T. A. (2011). <em>Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction<\/em>. London: Sage, pp. 3-5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><\/a>([43])\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 J\u00f8rgensen &amp; Phillips (2002). <em>Discourse analysis as theory and method<\/em>. p. 20.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><\/a>([44]) Swann (2004). <em>A dictionary of sociolinguistics<\/em>. p. 282.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\"><\/a>([45]) Laclau &amp; Mouffe (1985\/2001)<em>. Hegemony and socialist strategy<\/em>. pp. 105-106<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\"><\/a>([46]) K\u00f8lvraa, C. (2018). The discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau. In R. Wodak &amp; B. Forchtner (eds.), <em>The Routledge handbook of language and politics<\/em>, London: Routledge, p. 96.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\"><\/a>([47]) J\u00f8rgensen &amp; Phillips (2002). <em>Discourse analysis as theory and method<\/em>. p. 186.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\"><\/a>([48]) Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). <em>Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach<\/em>. London: Sage. p. 267.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\"><\/a>([49]) K\u00f8lvraa (2018). The discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau. In Wodak &amp; Forchtner (eds.), <em>The Routledge handbook of language and politics<\/em>, p. 105.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\"><\/a>([50]) Grice, H. P. (2006). Logic and conversation. In A. Jaworski &amp; N. Coupland (eds.), <em>The discourse reader<\/em>, London: Routledge, pp. 68-69.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\"><\/a>([51]) Bach, K. (2011). Grice. In B. 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(1996). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631)\u060c <strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0635 67.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\"><\/a>([57]) \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623. (2005). <strong>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0635 270.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\"><\/a>([58]) Brown, G. &amp; Yule, G. (1983).<em> Discourse analysis<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 238.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\"><\/a>([59]) Kintsch, W. &amp; van Dijk, T. A. (1978). 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Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 5.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647 Aspects of Discourse Theory: \u00a0Definition and Eloquence \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623. \u0645\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644([1]) Dr. Kamil A. 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