{"id":883,"date":"2025-06-25T14:42:11","date_gmt":"2025-06-25T11:42:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=883"},"modified":"2025-06-25T15:05:03","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T12:05:03","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%af%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%91%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=883","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

Graffiti Literature, murals<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u063a\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ghid Dhaybi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0 20\/2\/2025\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 25\/3\/2025<\/p>\n

\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0629” \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u062b\u0651 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

The study attempts to draw attention to this type of art or literature, reflect on it, highlight its artistic value, and analyze it. It also aims to demonstrate the value of literary and expressive graffiti, distancing it from the label of “absurd scribbles” that are aimless. This study aims to shed light on the motivations and reasons that drive individuals to resort to this art form. It also aims to clarify its style, the tools used to convey it, its artistic structure, and its moral characteristics. We note that this literature is a hybrid form of literature that departs from established traditional literary standards, free from the laws and rules that govern it. Furthermore, this type of art is characterized by the secrecy of the writer, who suffers from marginalization and repression and resorts to this type of art to express his thoughts, concerns, and personal visions, whether seriously or humorously. He often remains anonymous, fearing repression by the authorities and escaping punishment. This literature includes many genres, such as politics, love, life, revolution, hope, sports, violence, humor, and other topics of interest to the individual.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629.
\n\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0630\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u0629”.\u00a0(\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 13).<\/p>\n

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\n\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648”\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629”.\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064a\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 117).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0647. \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/p>\n

– \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0637\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n

– \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n

– \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0636. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u0646\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u061f<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c “\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0648\u0641 (\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f
\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 16500\u0639\u0627\u0645”.\u00a0(\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c 2008).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648”\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651 “\u0631\u064a\u062f” \u0633\u0646\u0629 1928 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627”.\u00a0(Reisner, 1964, p. 17)<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629 1968 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0648\u0628 Hip Hop\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646. \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629”.\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u060c 2009).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0651\u062a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646”\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648
\n\u0641\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0637”\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0632\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 “\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643”\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651” \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629.
\n\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627
\n“\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633”.\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u060c 2025).<\/p>\n

2- \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f “\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651.
\n\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627”\u00a0(\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c 2008)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0634 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c “\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629). \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633”.\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c 1999). \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 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.<\/p>\n

\u062c- \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c “\u062c\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631”.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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2- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062d\u0636\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0649… \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c “\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u064f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627.\u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0647\u0627”.\u00a0(\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c 1980\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 73). \u0641\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u063a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3\u06484).<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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– \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633.<\/p>\n

– \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0641\u0651\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651.<\/p>\n

– \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

– \u063a\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

– \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

– \u0639\u064f\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h1>\n

Reisner, R. (1964). Graffiti: Two Thousand Years of Wall Writing. .<\/em> newyork: newyork cowles book co.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a. (2014). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c 10432<\/em>. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631. (2008). \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0647. (1995). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a, \u0645. (2025). \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/em>. Retrieved from \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a. (2009). \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c 45<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064a. (2013). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629- \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 .<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f. (2019). \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645. (2007). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646.<\/em> \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/em>. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a. (2004). \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631. (2023). \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (1980). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a. (1998). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642. (2012). \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u0646\u0651. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u064a. (1999). \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c 17<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (2008). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c 2436<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 Graffiti Literature, murals \u063a\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0628\u064a Ghid Dhaybi \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0 20\/2\/2025\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 25\/3\/2025 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0651\u0629” \u063a\u064a\u0631 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":864,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,48],"tags":[59],"class_list":["post-883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-48","tag-59"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=883"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":886,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883\/revisions\/886"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=883"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=883"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}