{"id":761,"date":"2025-03-27T17:31:07","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T14:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=761"},"modified":"2025-06-12T15:42:07","modified_gmt":"2025-06-12T12:42:07","slug":"%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%91%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-1914-1980","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=761","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 1914-1980"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 1914-1980<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Kurdish liberation movements \u00a0in Syria<\/strong> <strong>1914-1980<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Ahmed Abdel Qader Othman<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u064a \u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u00a0\u00a0\u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 2\/8\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 18\/8\/2024<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 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dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The Kurds In Syria are primarily concentrated in areas along the border between Syria and Turkey. Key regions include the Upper Jazira, the Tigris region, and the city of Qamishli in the Khabur District, as well as Al-Hasakah Governorate. Additionally, in Aleppo Governorate, there is the Kurdish Mountains (Jabal al-Akrad), with Afrin serving as a major center for the Kurdish population. Kurds are also present in major Syrian cities such as Damascus, where they inhabit a specific neighborhood called Al-Salhiyah, which is home to more than thirty thousand residents (Laurin, M.C., 1979, p. 51).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Historically, Syria did not experience political unity and was, for centuries, partially or entirely under Ottoman rule, influenced by various powers. Regions such as the Jazira, Kobani, and Afrin were not considered part of Bilad al-Sham (Greater Syria) according to Arab and Muslim geographers. Instead, they were part of Upper Mesopotamia but were annexed to Syria following the Sykes-Picot Agreement.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">According to Qasimlou, the area of Syrian Kurdistan is approximately 18,300 km\u00b2. However, Syrian Kurdistan does not form a cohesive regional unit as It is separated by Arab-majority areas. Nonetheless, it serves as an extension of Iraqi and Turkish Kurdistan.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0621 (\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 (\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c 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(\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627).<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc170486568\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc174190211\"><\/a>5- \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0651\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f 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\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636: \u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a: \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 5 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u06452. \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0651. <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635.45).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 50% \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 30% \u064840% \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646. <strong>(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635. 70).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u2013\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627- \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f 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<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0634<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>. \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1948 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0644\u064a (1891-1967) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645 (1889-1949) \u0641\u064a 30 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\\\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1949 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0642\u064a 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212-227-213).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><a name=\"_Toc187843233\"><\/a><strong>\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><strong>\u0643\u062a\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (2018). <em>\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c 1921-1946<\/em>. \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d. (1967). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1966). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0646\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631. (1996). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em><em> (1949-1958)<\/em>. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0646\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0630\u064a\u0631. (1983). <em>\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645: 137 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0632\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1930). <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/em>. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c. (1934). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642. (2007). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1952). <em>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646. (1954). <em>\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/em>. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f. (2000). <em>\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (2013). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/em>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. (1998). <em>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/em>. \u0623\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. (2002). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/em>. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644. (2017). <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/em>. \u0623\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. (1998). \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a. <em>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0648\u0643<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644. (2007). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2012). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 1949-1969<\/em> [\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631]. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0631\u0634. <em>\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a. (1994). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. (1949\u060c 7 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 5841.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635\u064a\u0627\u062d. (2007). \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sayyaaljamil.com\/\">sayyaaljamil.com<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Syria: annual review for 1948, January 31, 1949, British national archives, Kew, London (Hereafter cited as ARO), FO 371\\75527.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> &#8211; \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1655\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\\ \u0623\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0635 82.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> (\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0633\u060c 1992\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1989 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0640 122 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c 1998\u060c \u063574-86.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1992 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 (\u0633\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<strong>: \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c 1034\u060c \u0635.322.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640 (\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u063a) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640(\u0639\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c 1986\u060c \u0635.11 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1891\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958. \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644&#8221; \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1967 \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c<strong> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1984\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635.172-173.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><strong>[11]<\/strong><\/a> <strong>Syria: annual review for 1948, January 31, 1949, British national archives, Kew, London (Hereafter cited as ARO), FO 371\\75527<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889 \u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1948 \u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645. (<strong>\u0641\u0646\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0630\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645 137 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0632\u0651\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635 18-19).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 200.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0641\u0646\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 1949-1958\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1996\u060c \u0635 84.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645\u060c\u00a0 \u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651: \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0647 1914\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 1941 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 1948\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1943 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 1963\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 1949-1969\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c 2012.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0644\u062b.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0622\u063a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0646 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\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1954\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1957 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a 27 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\\\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1964 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0647&#8221; \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 1914-1980 Kurdish liberation movements \u00a0in Syria 1914-1980 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 Ahmed Abdel Qader Othman \u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u064a \u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u00a0\u00a0\u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 2\/8\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 18\/8\/2024 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":719,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[58],"class_list":["post-761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-58"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=761"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/761\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":842,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/761\/revisions\/842"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}