{"id":752,"date":"2025-03-27T17:27:23","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T14:27:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=752"},"modified":"2025-06-12T15:40:22","modified_gmt":"2025-06-12T12:40:22","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%91%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=752","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>A<\/strong><strong>historical overview of the conditions of the Shiites and the emergence<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>\u00a0of their educational institutions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Bilal Shams<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623.\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a. \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 1\/8\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 18\/8\/2024<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629-\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a&#8221;\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This study explored the history of Shia education in Lebanon, focusing on the development of educational institutions within the Shia community from their inception to the early 20th century. The study revealed that religious schools, known as &#8220;hawzas,&#8221; played a pivotal role in spreading religious sciences and the Arabic language among Shias. The research also examined the impact of political and social transformations on Shia education and how the community managed to preserve its identity and teachings despite numerous challenges. Furthermore, the study highlighted the role of migration to Iraq and Iran in strengthening scientific ties and spreading knowledge among Shias in Lebanon and the wider Islamic world.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Keywords:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Hawzas, Religious schools, Religious identity, Political transformations, Jabal Amel.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><a name=\"_Toc173077110\"><\/a>\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h1>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 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\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c: \u0633\u064f\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628). \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 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\u064a\u0642\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0628 <sup>&#8220;<\/sup>\u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649<sup>&#8220;<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2><a name=\"_Toc173077116\"><\/a><strong>\u0647 \u0640 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><u>1 \u0640 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641:<\/u> 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\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (1982). \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 4). \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a. (1994). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1). \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. (1985). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631. (1987). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0626\u064a. (2002). \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a. (1994). \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0648\u064a. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. (1999). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631. (2003). \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 14 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627. (1970). \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a. (1403\u0647\u0640). \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 2). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. (1984). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a). \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646. \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646. (2003). \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a. (1993). \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1516 \u0640 1697 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1). \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. (1994). \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631. \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06374\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635 58\u00a0 \u0640 59.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 58 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u0640\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635 131\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1994\u060c \u063517 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>\u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\/ 1985\u060c \u0635 13 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 231 \u0640 232 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 65 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u0640 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 55<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0640 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 1987\u060c \u0635 40<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 150 \u0640 151 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 18 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635 194 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u0640\u00a0 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1999\u060c \u0635 39 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635195 \u0640 196 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 14 \u0640 8 \u0640 2003 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 49 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1970\u060c \u0635 67 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06372\u060c 1403\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 26 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 42 \u0640\u00a0 43 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 22 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 46 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 26 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 61 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 52 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 35 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 36 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u0640 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\/\u00a0 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 52.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1984\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635 714 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 714 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 52 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\/\u00a0 \u0635 714 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 186 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 714 \u0640 715 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 36 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 234 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 37 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 137 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> \u0640 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 49 \u0640 50\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635 20 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> \u0640 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 20 \u0640 21 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 31 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 232 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 23 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> \u0640 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 233 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> \u0640 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 67 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 87 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0640 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1516 \u0640 1697\/ \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\/ \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1\/ \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1993\/ \u0635 126 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 234 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">[47]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 235 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">[48]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 15 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">[49]<\/a> \u0640 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1516 \u0640 1697\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 128 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">[50]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u00a0 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 145 \u0640 146 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">[51]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 235 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">[52]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 102 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\">[53]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 101 \u0648 \u0635 176 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">[54]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 236 \u0640 237 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">[55]<\/a> \u0640 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 68 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 237 \u0640 238\u00a0 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">[57]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 137 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\">[58]<\/a> \u0640 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0629\/ \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\/\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\/ \u0635 21.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\">[59]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 237 \u0640 238 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\">[60]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 190 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\">[61]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 194 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\">[62]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 183.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftn63\">[63]<\/a> \u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 1\u060c 2003\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0635 366 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftn64\">[64]<\/a> \u0640 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 241 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftn65\">[65]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635\u00a0 242 .<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref66\" name=\"_ftn66\">[66]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635\u00a0 242 \u0640 244 .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 Ahistorical overview of the conditions of the Shiites and the emergence \u00a0of their educational institutions \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0635 Bilal Shams \u0623.\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a. \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 1\/8\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 18\/8\/2024 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":719,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[58],"class_list":["post-752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-58"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=752"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/752\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":756,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/752\/revisions\/756"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=752"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}