{"id":693,"date":"2025-01-08T23:50:41","date_gmt":"2025-01-08T20:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=693"},"modified":"2025-01-09T00:01:52","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T21:01:52","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-1697-1841%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=693","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 ( 1697 \u2013 1841\u0645)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 ( 1697 \u2013 1841\u0645)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Internal conditions in Mount Lebanon (1697 &#8211; 1841 AD)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Safaa Asaad<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 15\/5\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 30\/5\/2024<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0The study deals with an important historical period in the political history of Mount Lebanon, which is the period between 1697 and 1841 since the transfer of the feudal emirate, which was represented by a Druze-Maronite duality from the concerned to the Chehab relatives of the Ma&#8217;an family, and the accompanying tension and alienation towards the Ottoman central authority in Istanbul.\u00a0Mount Lebanon has witnessed during this stage many tensions that led to many disputes, crises, revolutions and strife, and it was a golden opportunity for foreign powers to benefit from them to enhance their influence, achieve their colonial goals and control Mount Lebanon&#8217;s policy as they wish.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0 The Chehab Emirate is considered an heir and an extension of the Emirate concerned, as it witnessed at the end of its reign radical transformations in the areas of its rule and control, with the displacement of the Maronites to the south, which led to an increase in their demographic growth and the growth of their agricultural and professional activity, as well as the Christianization of part of the Chehab family and its embrace of Maronite, in addition to their growing relations with the West.\u00a0Napoleon&#8217;s campaign revealed the position of the leaders in Mount Lebanon towards it, and one of its repercussions was the rearrangement of internal alliances.\u00a0In front of all this, the Egyptian entry into the Levant, which accepted the support and welcome of Prince Bashir II, had exacerbated the political situation inside the mountain and revolutions broke out in the face of the Egyptians and their Chehab allies, and the European countries that supported the Egyptian campaign at first we see had retreated and stood by the Ottoman Empire, as the Egyptians were forced to withdraw from Mount Lebanon, but from the entire Levant, and with their exit, local political rivalries turned into bloody sectarian confrontations between the Druze and the Maronites, with the increase in\u00a0European intervention in Mount Lebanon&#8217;s internal affairs to enter a new phase full of bloody and sectarian conflicts.\u00a0Based on this, what are the political developments and transformations that have taken place in Mount Lebanon since the transfer of power to the Chehab Emirate until the establishment of the Qaimaqamayn system?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0630\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0650\u0645 \u062e\u0646\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1657\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1697\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 17\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a 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\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0645 1832\u060c \u062f.\u0646:<\/strong> \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c <strong>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062c8\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: Edito Creps\u060c 1998.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0637\u0646\u0648\u0633\u060c 1859\u060c <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u060c \u062c1.<\/li>\n<li>___________ 1954\u060c <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062c 2.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649\u060c 1981\u060c <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a:<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c 1977\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062c\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: Edito creps\u060c 1998\u060c \u062c7.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641\u060c 1986\u060c\u00a0 <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c 1985<em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0645 1831 \u2013 1840 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c<\/em> <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 20 \u2013 19\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8211; \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c 2020\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062c 3 \u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 3\u060c \u0635 80.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Goldschmidt, A.; Johnston, R. (2004), <strong>Historical Dictionary of Egypt (3rd ed.),<\/strong> American University in Cairo Press, p.\u00a0243.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> &#8211; \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1129\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1623\u0645. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 16 \u0648 17 &#8211; \u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c Edito creps\u060c 1998\u060c \u062c7\u060c \u0635 47.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 55.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c 2008\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0635 31.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 95.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 116 \u2013 118.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> &#8211; \u0637\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c 1953\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c\u063550<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 32.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 32.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> &#8211; \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c 1977\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u062c\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c\u00a0\u00a0 \u0635 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 32 \u2013 33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u00a0&#8211; \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u00a0\u0635 20 \u2013 21.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 37.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 13 \u2013 14.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 15.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 41.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> &#8211; .- \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 2008 \u2013 2009\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 1839 \u2013 1876\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 37.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 24<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 23.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 37.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> &#8211; \u0634\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c 2024- 2025\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641: \u0635\u0628\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c 1912\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 1782 \u2013 1841\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627.\u0637\u060c \u0635 62.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0635\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c <strong>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062c8\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: Edito Creps\u060c 1998\u060c \u063533.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0637\u0646\u0648\u0633\u060c 1954\u060c <strong>\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062c 2\u060c \u0635 353.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 52.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628( 1703 \u2013 179\u0645)\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0632\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a.- \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 29.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649\u060c 1981\u060c <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0635 143.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c 2020\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062c 3 \u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 3\u060c \u0635 80.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 82 \u2013 84.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0648\u060c \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 68.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c 1985\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 1831 \u2013 1840 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 20 \u2013 19\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c\u0635 209.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> &#8211; \u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641\u060c 1986\u060c \u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631: \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u063573.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 87 \u2013 92.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635211.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 65 \u2013 66.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 67.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c\u00a0 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 1832\u060c<\/strong> \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0645.\u0646\u060c \u0635 146 \u060c 147\u060c 167.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> &#8211; Goldschmidt, A.; Johnston, R. (2004), <strong>Historical Dictionary of Egypt (3rd ed.),<\/strong> American University in Cairo Press, p.\u00a0243.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 67 \u2013 69.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 54 \u2013 55.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c215.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 76.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 82 \u2013 84.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> &#8211;\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0637\u0646\u0648\u0633\u060c 1859\u060c <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647: \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635 479.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 86.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 ( 1697 \u2013 1841\u0645) Internal conditions in Mount Lebanon (1697 &#8211; 1841 AD) \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f Safaa Asaad \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 15\/5\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 30\/5\/2024 \u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1697 \u06481841\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[57],"class_list":["post-693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-57"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=693"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":694,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/693\/revisions\/694"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}