{"id":610,"date":"2024-09-12T11:43:00","date_gmt":"2024-09-12T08:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=610"},"modified":"2024-09-12T11:53:11","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T08:53:11","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%a3%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%91%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a8%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=610","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Faisal&#8217;s Early Upbringing and his First Steps in Politics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Muhammad Jawad Aziz Safi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623.\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 1\/4\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 23\/4\/2024<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0636\u0647 \u063a\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This research seeks to shed light on the personality of Prince Faisal I, starting from tracing the early stages of his upbringing up to his entry into politics with initial steps that enabled him to prove his presence amidst the diplomatic events that struck the Ottoman Sultanate at the beginning of the twentieth century on the one hand, and affected his father\u2019s authority and how the federalists dealt with it on the other hand. another side. This had an important impact on the crystallization of the political positions of Faisal I and the extent of their deviation towards supporting Arab revolutionary tendencies later on.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0637\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0627\u062c\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646(<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>) \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0629(<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644(<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>) \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b(<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>) \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647(<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>). \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629(<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f 20 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1883<strong>(\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c 1933\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063524)<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0646\u0651\u062f \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1885<strong>(\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c 1945\u060c \u0635 23)<\/strong>. \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629(<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>) \u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629(<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>) \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0631\u0639\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629(<strong>\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635 9<\/strong>)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0647\u0627 <strong>(\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c 1934\u060c \u0635 37).<\/strong> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644: &#8220;\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 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\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1)<\/strong>. \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 (<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>) \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633(<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>) \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 <strong>(\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c 1933\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635 25)<\/strong>. \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629(<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 <strong>(\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c 1934\u060c \u0635 36<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0651\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a <strong>(\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c 1947\u060c \u0635 39)<\/strong>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0651\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0648\u062a\u0647(<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 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1909<strong>(\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 316)<\/strong>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0629 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40).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646: \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a<\/strong>&#8211; \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0643 \/ 1\/ 1 &#8211; 2157\u060c \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 24.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647: (1947)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/strong>\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645: (1969)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0628: (1967)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631: (1933)\u060c <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u062c 1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f: (2002)\u060c <strong>\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646: (1958)\u060c <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646: (\u062f.\u062a)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u2013 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062c4\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f: (2000)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0637 4\u060c \u062c 8\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644: (\u062f.\u062a)\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 1839 \u2013 1990\u060c <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064a: (1996)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u062c 2\u060c \u0645\u062c 3\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a: (2008)\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0631: (\u062f.\u062a)\u060c <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (1516 \u2013 1922)<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646: (1995)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644: (\u062f. \u062a)\u060c <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f: (1991)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 1921 \u2013 1933<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: (1998)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628: (1994)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062c 3\u060c \u062c 4\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646: (1965)\u060c <strong>\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>__________: (1966)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u2013 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/li>\n<li>__________: (1986)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 1908 \u2013 1924<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629: (1984)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u062c 3\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f: (1982)\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 1916 \u2013 1925<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062b: (1934)\u060c <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646: (1989)\u060c <strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646 1908 \u2013 1914<\/strong>\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645: &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649<\/strong>\u060c \u0639 245\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0639 437\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 25 \u0622\u0628 (\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1925.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u062c 6\u060c \u0639 114\u060c (\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <strong>\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong>: \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1808 \u06481916. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0635\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1916 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924. \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1916. <strong>(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635 35).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1891. <strong>(\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635 36).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a. <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c \u0635 281).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <strong>\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: (1879 \u2013 1935) \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u064f\u0635\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1924 \u06481925. <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c \u0635 282).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> <strong>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: (1882 \u2013 1951) \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633&#8221;. <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 1994\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635 845)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0622\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632. <strong>(\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c 2000\u060c \u062c 8\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u0635 240).\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 1994\u060c \u062c 3\u060c \u0635 806).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> <strong>\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0630\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a. (<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 1994\u060c \u062c 3\u060c \u0635 812).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0640\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0642\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643. <strong>(\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c 2021\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u0635 474). <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> <strong>\u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062f<\/strong>: \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a. \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0647. <strong>(\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f. \u062a\u060c \u062c1\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u0635 10).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633<\/strong>: \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u064f\u062c\u064f\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b. \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631. \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648. <strong>(\u0636\u064a\u0641\u060c 2008\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u0635 20- 25).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u064810 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0642\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0650\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. <strong>(\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629\u060c 1996\u060c \u0645\u062c 3\u060c \u0635 87).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u063a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1922. <strong>(\u062f. \u0643. \u0648\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0641<\/strong> <strong>\u0631\u0642\u0645<\/strong><strong>\/\u0637\/2\/1\u060c 1935\u060c \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 <\/strong>1).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u00a0\u0646\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u063a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0628\u0651\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f&#8221;. <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c 1969\u060c \u0635 119).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong>: (1883 \u2013 1935)\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u2013 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920) \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1921 \u06481933\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629 (1933 \u2013 1935). <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 2021\u060c \u0635 20 \u2013 25).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647: \u0639\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1906\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1907\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1910\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 21 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912. <strong>(\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c 1945\u060c \u0635 30).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: (1912 \u2013 1939) \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0633\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1933 \u06481939 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629. <strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 1994\u060c \u062c4\u060c \u0635 283 \u2013 284).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>: (1842 \u20131918) \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 31 \u0622\u0628 (\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876\u060c \u0648\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064d\u00a0\u0641\u064a 27 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1909\u060c \u0641\u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u00a010 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 (\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1918. \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0645&#8221;\u060c \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a&#8221;. <strong>(\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1984\u060c \u0645\u062c 3\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u0635 157 \u2013 158).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0647&#8221;. \u0648\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064f\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. <strong>(\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c 1947\u060c \u0635 41 \u2013 429).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 (1882 \u2013 1905). <strong>(\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c 1934\u060c \u0635 18).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong>: (1876 \u2013 1923) \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1911 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062d\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629. <strong>(\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c 1966\u060c<\/strong><strong> \u0635 9).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0651\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. <strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>(\u062f. \u0643. \u0648\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u0645<\/strong><strong> \u0643 \/ 1\/ 1 &#8211; 2157\u060c 1935\u060c \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 24).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646<\/strong>: \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 120 \u0639\u0636\u0648. <strong>(\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u062a\u060c<\/strong><strong> \u0635 19).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. <strong>(\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c 1934\u060c \u0635 40).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628 \u0625\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627: &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627&#8221;. (<strong>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f:<\/strong> <strong>\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c 1925\u060c<\/strong><strong> \u0635 1).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629. <strong>(\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c 1986\u060c <\/strong><strong>\u0635 74).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0650\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u064e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062b\u064e\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645<strong>.<\/strong><strong> (\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c 1967\u060c \u0635 200).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u00a0\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 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\u0635205)<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 Faisal&#8217;s Early Upbringing and his First Steps in Politics \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u064a Muhammad Jawad Aziz Safi \u0623.\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623.\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 1\/4\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 23\/4\/2024 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":581,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[56],"class_list":["post-610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-56"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=610"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":617,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610\/revisions\/617"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/581"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}