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Pottery, mosaic, and faience between the past and the present<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0633\u064a*<\/p>\n Dr. Hicham Hassan Kobeissi<\/strong>*<\/p>\n \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 3\/4\/2024\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 20\/4\/2024<\/p>\n \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0647\u0627. \u062b\u0645\u0651 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\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 [2]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 .<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n Every civilization arises in the beginning and has its own distinctive character. It grows and crystallizes; its personality appears and leaves a distinctive character for it. The Islamic faith, which was based on philosophy, mysticism, and science in art, has influenced the Islamic faith, and urged the Islamic faith to contradict nature, which made the Muslim artist tend to abstract everything around him and dismantle nature into elements. Initially, then reformulate it in a new rhythmic image after analyzing it into lines and geometric relationships, and religion was concerned with adornment and beauty, which made the Muslim artist decorate religious, residential and public buildings.<\/p>\n The eighth century AH in the era of the Mamluk state was an era of artistic renaissance, as new artistic methods and innovative decorative methods appeared in this era, perhaps the most prominent of which is the use of ceramic tiles as an artistic style and a new decorative element in Egypt and the Levant. Perhaps the reason for this was the Mongol invasion of Iran in 705 AH\u00a0 – 1305 MD, which led to the migration of Iranian craftsmen and potters to Egypt and the Levant.<\/p>\n The ceramic tiles that were found in the excavations of Samarra (221 \/ 276 AH – 836 \/ 889 AD ) are the oldest Islamic ceramic tiles known to us so far. These tiles were decorated with metallic luster. In Egypt, Pharaonic Egypt used what looks like ceramic tiles to decorate the walls of some temples and pyramids, such as the pyramid Saqqara Staircase, but the common method of wall decoration in ancient Egypt was by using stone and marble because they were available in the country. As for ceramic tiles in their known form, they were known only in the Mamluk era, and their use was very limited.<\/p>\n \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 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\n
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5-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0628\u0651\u0643<\/h1>\n
\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (5) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0628\u0651\u0643<\/h1>\n
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<\/h1>\n
<\/h1>\n
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\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (10) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0644<\/h1>\n
\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u062c: \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651.<\/h1>\n
\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (11) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u062c<\/h1>\n
\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12- \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0632\u062c\u0651\u062c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627)<\/h1>\n
\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (12) \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0632\u062c\u0651\u062c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627)<\/h1>\n
\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 13- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h1>\n
\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (13) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h1>\n
\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – 14 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645<\/h1>\n
\u25cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646.<\/h1>\n