{"id":535,"date":"2024-07-08T14:59:28","date_gmt":"2024-07-08T11:59:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=535"},"modified":"2024-07-08T15:36:04","modified_gmt":"2024-07-08T12:36:04","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=535","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 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\u0643\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n<p>3- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0649 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111)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a (saray) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640 35 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925 \u00a0<strong>(\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0632\u060c 1936\u060c \u0635 59- 60).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1925 \u0641\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 (<strong>George Catroux, 1949, p:56<\/strong><strong>)\u060c <\/strong>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629\u060c ( \u0628\u0639\u0640\u062f \u0645\u0640\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1936)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a&#8221;.(\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c 1926).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644:&#8221; \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627&#8221;. <strong>(\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0635 90).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f: (2017-2018). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627)<\/strong>. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c: (1969). <strong><em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 : (1946). <strong>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 1917- 1945<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a : \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644: (1957): <strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644: (1977): <strong>\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06461918-1945<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644: ( 1950). \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644: ( 1969 ). \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c 1920 \u2013 1969\u060c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646: ( 1981 ). \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628: ( 1959 )\u060c <strong>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a &#8211; \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u062a\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628: (\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631). <strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u062a\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628: ( 2010 ). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c 1913-1952\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646: (1965). <strong>\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b 1920-1925<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u062c2). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629: ( \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e ). \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a: (1983). <strong>\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c\u062c(1\u060c2\u060c3). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u062f\u0634\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0631: (1985). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 1919<\/strong>. \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644: ( 2010 ). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a (1920 \u2013 2010)\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0632\u0642\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0649: (1998). <strong>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a 1919-1927<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0628\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 33\u060c \u062c\u06407\u060c \u0635 734 \u2013 735<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 23\u060c \u062c\u06405\u060c \u0635 472.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646: ( 1958). \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646: ( 1934)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062c\u06402\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: ( 1987 ). \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: (1967). <strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a: ( 1987 ). \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c 1936\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627\u062f: (2016-2017)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1920-1975 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0626\u0631: ( 1956 ). \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c\u060c \u0635 113 \u2013 114.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f: ( 1979 ). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>28.\u0642\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f: ( 1956 ). \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>29.\u0642\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064a:\u00a0 ( \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e ).\u00a0 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>30.\u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a: ( 1980 ). \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>31.\u0643\u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647: ( 1978 ). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c1860 \u2013 1929\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>32.\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644:\u00a0 (1936). <strong>\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064a<\/strong>. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>33.\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627: (2015). <strong>\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u061f<\/strong> \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>34.\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b: ( 1978 )\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1130.<\/p>\n<p>35.\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646: (1973). <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>36.\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646: ( 1966 ). \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>37.\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646: ( 1974 ).\u00a0 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b 1517-1920\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0634\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0631 (1959)\u060c \u0627<strong>\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1919\u060c<\/strong> \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1959) \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u062f \u0631\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0635 17.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a><sup>(<\/sup>[5]<sup>)<\/sup> \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 (\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1936 \u0640 1939 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 (1920)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 (1922)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 (1928). \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a (1922) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/arbyy.com\/detail1104448123.html\">https:\/\/arbyy.com\/detail1104448123.html<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 8\/12\/2021.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a><sup>(<\/sup>[6]<sup>)<\/sup> \u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647: (\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645). \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/syrmh.com\/2019\/10\/25\">https:\/\/syrmh.com\/2019\/10\/25<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 8\/12\/2021.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a><sup>(<\/sup>[7]<sup>)<\/sup>\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bintjbeil-um.gov.lb\">http:\/\/www.bintjbeil-um.gov.lb<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 8\/12\/2021.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a><sup>(<\/sup><sup>[8]<\/sup><sup>)<\/sup> \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 45 \u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f 130 \u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u062d \u062a\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/citiesandregions%20\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e%20\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644%208\/12\/2021\">https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/citiesandregions \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 8\/12\/2021<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>([9]) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u062f\u0634\u064a: \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f &#8211; \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 &#8220;\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1952\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1959\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. (\u0646\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u062f\u0634\u064a\u060c 1985)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>([10]) \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0664 \u0645. \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 115 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0662\u0662 \u0643\u0644\u0645.\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/lub-anan.com\">https:\/\/lub-anan.com<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 14\/11\/2021.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">(1)<\/a> \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0643\u0647: \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":494,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[55],"class_list":["post-535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-55"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=535"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/535\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":538,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/535\/revisions\/538"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=535"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=535"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}