{"id":512,"date":"2024-07-08T14:51:50","date_gmt":"2024-07-08T11:51:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=512"},"modified":"2024-07-08T15:36:04","modified_gmt":"2024-07-08T12:36:04","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%91%d8%b5%d9%91-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%91%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%91%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=512","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00a0\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064e\u064a\u064a\u064e\u0646\u0650:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u062a -\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628- \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631: &#8220;\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u064e\u0645\u0647\u064f \u0648\u0633\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0648\u0633\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0647\u064f: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>. \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064c \u0648\u0633\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644&#8221;. \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646: [\u0645\u0646 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href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1- \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0646\u060c <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0646\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0628\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c\u060c 1369\u0647\u0640 -1950\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c <strong>\u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0630 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<strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0634\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0628<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u063710\u060c 1385\u0647\u0640 -1965\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>7- \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062f\u0649<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1439\u0647\u0640 -2018\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>8- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2010\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>9- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0644\u060c (\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651)\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u06374\u060c 1416\u0647\u0640 -1996\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>10- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062c \u060c <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c 19.<\/p>\n<p>11- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c <strong>\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1384 \u0647\u0640 -1964\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>12- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c <strong>\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1413\u0647\u0640 1993\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>13- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c\u0644\u0627.\u062a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>14- \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c\u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>15- \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631 (B. Toussaint): <strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0637 2\u060c 2000\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>16- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 4\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>17- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c <strong>\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0631\u0641<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371 1416\u0647\u0640 -1996\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>18- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u06375\u060c 1433 \u0647\u0640 -2011\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>19- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c <strong>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 3\u060c 2002\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>20- \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633\u060c\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c <strong>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c<\/strong> \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 6\u060c 1981\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>21- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2014\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>22- <strong>\u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644<\/strong> \u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>23- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633\u060c <strong>\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f.\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2003\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>24- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0651\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0642\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0638 \u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1431\u0647\u0640 -2010\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>25- \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0627.\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2011\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>26- \u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c <strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2008\u0645<\/p>\n<p>27- \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0651<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2016\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>28- \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 1983\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>29- De Saussure, Fernand,<em>Cours De Linguistique G\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em>, Publie Par Charles Bally et Albert Sechchaye, Payot, Paris, 1967.<\/p>\n<p>30- Mounin,George, <em>Dictionnaire de la linguistique<\/em>, quadrige, PUF, 1978, P: 138. ,<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u00a0 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0644\/ \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u06374\u060c 1416\u0647\u0640 -1996\u0645\u060c \u0635 560.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0651: \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06372\u060c \u0644\u0627.\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c 1\u060c \u06411\u060c \u063590.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0634\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637 10\u060c 1385\u0647\u0640 -1965\u0645\u060c \u0635 29. \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 &#8220;\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649: \ufd3f\u0648\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u06e1 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u064e\u062f\u065e \u0645\u0651\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0671\u0644\u06e1\u0645\u064f\u0634\u06e1\u0631\u0650\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0671\u0633\u06e1\u062a\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0623\u064e\u062c\u0650\u0631\u06e1\u0647\u064f \u062d\u064e\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0649\u0670 \u064a\u064e\u0633\u06e1\u0645\u064e\u0639\u064e \u0643\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0670\u0645\u064e \u0671\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0650\ufd3e. \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 6.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631: \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1410\u0647\u0640 -1990\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062c 14\u060c \u0635 401\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 [\u0633\u0645\u0627].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062c 14 \u0635401\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 [\u0633\u0645\u0627]\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0627&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627\u060c\u062c1 \u06356.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> &#8211; \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 29.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651: \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u06375\u060c 1433 \u0647\u0640 -2011\u0645\u060c \u0635 438.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c 19\u060c \u0635.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> &#8211; \u062f.\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2016\u0645\u060c<br \/>\n\u0635 16-17.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>&#8211; F.De Saussure: Cours De Linguistique G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, Publie Par Charles Bally et Albert Sechchaye, Payot, Paris, 1967, P:33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> &#8211; \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631: \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2010\u0645\u060c \u0635 17.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u062f. \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 2008\u0645\u060c \u0635 233.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u062f. \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0635 25.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646 (B. Toussaint): \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0637 2\u060c 2000\u0645\u060c \u0635 205.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629. \u0631\u064f\u0648\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 &#8220;\u0643\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a&#8230;&#8221; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f. \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 6\u060c 1981\u0645\u060c \u0635 99.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0651: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1413\u0647\u0640 1993\u0645\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647: [\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 * \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0647\u0650\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064f*<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637 3\u060c 1977\u0645\u060c \u062c1 \u0635303.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627\u060c \u063544.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 84.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> &#8211; \u062f. \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0635 46.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> &#8211; \u062f. \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: \u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0635 47.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0643\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2003\u0645\u060c \u0635 44.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0646: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0646\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0628\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c\u060c 1369\u0647\u0640 -1950\u0645\u060c \u0635 86.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631: [\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641]<\/p>\n<p>\u0632\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0634\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062e\u064d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062f\u064f\u0628\u0651\u064f \u062f\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0634\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0635 358.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 92.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> &#8211; \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 48.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 81.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 30.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 95. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627.\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2011\u0645\u060c \u0635 117.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0651\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0642\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0638 \u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1431\u0647\u0640 -2010\u0645\u060c \u062c 3 \u0635381.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 36.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 38.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 103.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 38.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0646\u0633\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627. \u062a\u0627\u060c \u0635 43-44.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 20.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 22.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 43.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 48.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 48.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0643\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0635 41.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628: \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1384 \u0647\u0640 -1964\u0645\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635 85.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">[47]<\/a> &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 1983\u0645\u060c \u0635 194.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">[48]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 64.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">[49]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 10.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">[50]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 13.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">[51]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">[52]<\/a>&#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 41.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\">[53]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u062c\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0628\u061b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647: &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647&#8221;. &#8220;\u0645\u0627&#8221; \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645&#8230; \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062f\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1439\u0647\u0640 -2018\u0645\u060c \u0635 357. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a: &#8220;\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>George Mounin: Dictionnaire de la linguistique, quadrige, PUF, 1978, P: 138.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">[54]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u063559.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">[55]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 60.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u063569.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">[57]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 119.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\">[58]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 16.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\">[59]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 30.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\">[60]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 105.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\">[61]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 53.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\">[62]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 30.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftn63\">[63]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 1415\u0647\u0640 -1995\u0645\u060c \u0635 194.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftn64\">[64]<\/a> &#8211; \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a: \u0646\u064f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0631\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371 1416\u0647\u0640 -1996\u0645\u060c 198.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftn65\">[65]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 56.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref66\" name=\"_ftn66\">[66]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0635 102.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref67\" name=\"_ftn67\">[67]<\/a> &#8211; \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 42.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref68\" name=\"_ftn68\">[68]<\/a> &#8211; 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":494,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,48],"tags":[55],"class_list":["post-512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-48","tag-55"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=512"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/512\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":521,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/512\/revisions\/521"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}