{"id":501,"date":"2024-07-08T14:44:20","date_gmt":"2024-07-08T11:44:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=501"},"modified":"2024-07-08T15:36:33","modified_gmt":"2024-07-08T12:36:33","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b6%d9%85%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=501","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639: <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong><strong> \u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d<\/strong>: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Implicit Communication in Society:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Strategies, Styles<\/strong><strong>,<\/strong><strong> and Goals<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Abstract<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This research presents a study of implicit communication and its uses in various contexts. It starts by explaining some pragmatic, social, and intellectual aspects that influence the communication process. This explanation is associated with presenting some linguistic elements which touch on implicit communication. Therefore, the research tries to answer multiple questions: Why does the speaker sometimes choose implicit meanings to achieve his intentions? What are the roles of under-determinacy and vagueness in the process? Why does it succeed? The research studies the implicit means that are the most efficient in influencing others. The findings show that the role of the pragmatic approach is accompanied by the use of a sociolinguistic approach during discourse analysis, and the implicature the cognitive efforts produce is more important than others.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Keywords: Implicit communication, Implicature, intentionality, utterance, pragmatics, power.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>2<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 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\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Pragmatics) \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Creativity) \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u061b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (truth-conditional Meaning) \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a (Conversations)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 (Interactional) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0651 (Transactional) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627 <strong>\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Intentionality) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0636\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 (Implicit meaning) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0631 (Dan Sperber) \u0648\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Deirdre Wilson) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0631 (\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629) \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a&#8221;<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0643 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a (Interdisciplinary)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0642 (System)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>3<\/strong><strong>. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631<\/strong> <strong>\u0648<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 (Implicit communication) \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 Implicit meaning)) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 (Paul Grice) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646 (Conversation Logic and). \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062e (Kent Bach) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a (Conversational implicature) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c<sup>\u00a0 <\/sup>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0627\u062e \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 ]\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062e[ \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 (Implication)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d (Explicit communication) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 (Robyn Carston) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062e \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a&#8221;<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632 (Ogden &amp; Richards) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062b\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a: \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0627 (Using Language to Mean Something)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642: \u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (Under-determinacy of meaning) \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u0648(2) 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\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a (Sketchy)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0631 (Marianne Lederer) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0640\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 (Synecdoche) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u061b \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 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\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a (Noam Chomsky)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Conceptual metaphor)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0623\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(1)<\/strong> \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 (Journey)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0641 (George Lakoff) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1):<\/p>\n<p><strong>(2)<\/strong> \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0643\u0650.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 (Loose use)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 (Sentence) \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 (Utterance) \u0641\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 (Dialogue) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Mikhail Bakhtin). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Dialogism)\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 )2(.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0640\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0640\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>5<\/strong><strong>. \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647. \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0640\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a (Interpretive uncertainty)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(3)<\/strong> \u0623\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3) \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u00a0\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3) \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Pragmatic ambivalence) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 (Ambiguity) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a (Vagueness) \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a. \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a (Homonymy)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(4)<\/strong> \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (4) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>4a<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>4b<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> \u0646\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>5<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a)\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0633<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>6<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> \u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u063a\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062d \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0638\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646: &#8220;\u0625\u0646\u0651 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1962 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646 (John Austin) \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u062e\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 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\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn47\" name=\"_ftnref47\">[47]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<strong> 7. \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn48\" name=\"_ftnref48\">[48]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.7 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062f\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn49\" name=\"_ftnref49\">[49]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.7 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.2.7<\/strong> <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Stereotypes<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(16)<\/strong> \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(17)<\/strong> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (27)\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.2.7 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 (<\/strong><strong>Perpetrators<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(18)<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0648\u062c \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(19) <\/strong>\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.2.7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a (<\/strong><strong>Comparisons<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0623\u064a (\u0623\u0646\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(20) <\/strong>\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u064e\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.2.7 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0646\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Dehumanization<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0644\u0627\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0646\u0629) \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(21)<\/strong> \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn50\" name=\"_ftnref50\">[50]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(22)<\/strong> \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (22) \u0634\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.2.7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Euphemistic<\/strong> <strong>constructions<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(23)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(24)<\/strong> \u0644\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(23\u0628)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>(24\u0628)<\/strong> \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.2.7 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Call for action<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Vladimir Putin) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628) \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>7.2.7 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 (<\/strong><strong>Multimodal<\/strong> <strong>abuse<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.2.7 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a (<\/strong><strong>Rhetorical question<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0627. \u00a0\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn51\" name=\"_ftnref51\">[51]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062b\u0651\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>9.2.7 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Metaphor<\/strong><strong>): <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.7 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3.7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 (Manipulation)\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<p>\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn52\" name=\"_ftnref52\">[52]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0641 (Norman Fairclough) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 <strong>\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: &#8220;\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647&#8221;\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn53\" name=\"_ftnref53\">[53]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: \u0633\u0623\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0645! \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0633\u0623\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>25<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a (Perlocutionary act) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn54\" name=\"_ftnref54\">[54]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.3.7 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/strong> <strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0642\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 (Power in discourse)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn55\" name=\"_ftnref55\">[55]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646 (Paul Chilton) \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u0640\u062a\u064a: \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0640\u0640\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn56\" name=\"_ftnref56\">[56]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0640\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 (over discourse Power). \u0641\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn57\" name=\"_ftnref57\">[57]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 (Hegemony) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn58\" name=\"_ftnref58\">[58]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (23) \u0648(24). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627 (Coherent)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn59\" name=\"_ftnref59\">[59]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062d\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>26<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0638\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.3.7 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn60\" name=\"_ftnref60\">[60]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u061b \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Irony) \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621 (Satire) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Parody) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0643\u0645 (Sarcasm). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (6) \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Discursive pragmatics)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn61\" name=\"_ftnref61\">[61]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn62\" name=\"_ftnref62\">[62]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 (Donald Trump) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (21\/9\/2022) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646 (Joe Biden) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(27)<\/strong> &#8220;\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641&#8230; \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b&#8221;<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn63\" name=\"_ftnref63\">[63]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: &#8220;\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629&#8230; \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b&#8221; \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640\u064a!! \u0623\u0636\u0640\u0640\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0631\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn64\" name=\"_ftnref64\">[64]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646: &#8220;\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0643&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Maxim of quality) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn65\" name=\"_ftnref65\">[65]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.3.7 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c (Argumentation) \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn66\" name=\"_ftnref66\">[66]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Premises) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0647<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn67\" name=\"_ftnref67\">[67]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn68\" name=\"_ftnref68\">[68]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Fallacies)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn69\" name=\"_ftnref69\">[69]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn70\" name=\"_ftnref70\">[70]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f (<em>Argumentum ad baculum<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn71\" name=\"_ftnref71\">[71]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>28<\/strong><strong>) <\/strong>\u0623\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061f \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0625\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><strong>(28\u0628)<\/strong> \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0633 \u0645\u0624\u0630\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629&#8230; \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0641\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647&#8221;<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn72\" name=\"_ftnref72\">[72]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.3.7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d-\u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d (Win-win situation)\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0640\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d-\u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631 (Win-lose situation)\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0627<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn73\" name=\"_ftnref73\">[73]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 (Elon Musk) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631 (Twitter) \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u0645\u0646 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (25) 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629! \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 (1979) &#8220;\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u06398 \u06489.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (2006) <strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u063a\u064a\u0631: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (2008) <strong>\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 (2019) <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>Allot, Nicholas (2010) <em>key Terms in Pragmatics.<\/em> London: Continuum.<\/li>\n<li>Apte, M. L. (2001) \u201cLanguage in Society: Overview\u201d, In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics<\/em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 36-48.<\/li>\n<li>Bach, Kent (2006) \u201cPragmatics and the Philosophy of Language\u201d, In Laurence<\/li>\n<li>Horn &amp; Gregory ward (eds) <em>The Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Publishing. pp. 463-487.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>Bach, Kent (2011) \u201cGrice\u201d, In Barry Lee (ed) <em>Philosophy of Language: the Key Thinkers<\/em>. London: Continuum. pp. 179-198.<\/li>\n<li>Bach, Kent (2012) \u201cSaying Meaning and Implicating\u201d, In Keith Allan &amp; Kasia M. Jaszczolt (eds) <em>The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 47-67.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Bakhtin, M. M. (1994) \u201cThe Problem of Speech Genres\u201d , In Caryl Emerson &amp; Michael Holquist (eds) <em>Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, Translated by Vern W. McGee<\/em>. 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Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 1-13.<\/li>\n<li>Handl, Sandra &amp; Schmid, Hans-J\u00f6rg (2011) \u201cIntroduction\u201d, In Sandra Handl &amp; Hans-J\u00f6rg Schmid (eds) <em>Windows to the Mind: Metaphor Metonomy and Conceptual Blending<\/em>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1-20.<\/li>\n<li>Huang, Y. (2006) \u201cSpeech Acts\u201d, In Keith Brown et al. (eds) <em>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 11<\/em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 656-665.<\/li>\n<li>Kennedy, Christopher (2011) \u201cAmbiguity and Vagueness: An Overview\u201d, In Claudia Maienborn; Klaus Von Heusinger &amp; Paul Portner (eds)<em> Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning 1<\/em>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 507-535.<\/li>\n<li>Kotthoff, Helga (2009) \u201cAn Interactional Approach to Irony Development\u201d, In Neal R. Norrick &amp; Delia Chiaro (eds) <em>Humor in Interaction<\/em>. 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Hoyloak &amp; Robert G. Morrison (eds) <em>The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.431-453.<\/li>\n<li>Longworth, Guy (2017) \u201cSemantics and Pragmatics\u201d, in Bob Hale; Crispin Wright &amp; Alexander Miller (eds) <em>A Companion to the Philosophy of Language 1.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 107-126.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lukes, Steven (2005) <em>Power: A Radical View<\/em>. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/li>\n<li>Masia, Viviana (2021) <em>The Manipulative Disguise of Truth: Tricks and Threats of Implicit Communication<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.<\/li>\n<li>Mazzone, Marco (2017) \u201cWhy Don\u2019t you Tell it Explicitly? Personal\/Subpersonal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Accounts of Implicitness\u201d, In Piotr Cap &amp; Marta Dynel (eds) <em>Implicitness: <\/em><em>F<\/em><em>rom Lexis to Discourse<\/em>. 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Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 442-462.<\/li>\n<li>Sch\u00e4ffner, Christina (2004) \u201cMetaphor and Translation: Some Implications of a Cognitive Approach\u201d, <em>Journal of Pragmatics 36<\/em>, pp. 1253-1269.<\/li>\n<li>Simpson, Paul (2003) <em>On the Discourse of Satire: Towards a Stylistics Model of Satire<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.<\/li>\n<li>Sperber, Dan &amp; Wilson, Deirdre (1989) <em>Relevance: Communication and Cognition<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.<\/li>\n<li>Thomas, Jenny (2013) <em>Meaning in Interaction<\/em>. London: Routledge.<\/li>\n<li>Van Eemeren, Frans H. &amp; Grootendorst, Rob (2004) <em>A Systemic Theory of Argumentation: the Pragma-Dialectical Approach<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li>Van Eemeren, Frans H. &amp; Henkemans, A. Francisca Snoeck (2017) <em>Argumentation: Analysis and Evaluation<\/em>. London: Routledge.<\/li>\n<li>Verdonik, Darinka (2010) \u201cBetween Understanding and Misunderstanding\u201d, <em>Journal of Pragmatics 42<\/em>. pp. 1364-1379.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>http:\/\/doi:10.1016\/j.pragma.2009.09.0007 (Accessed 7\/10\/2022)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002) <em>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.<\/li>\n<li>Wiegand, Michael; Ruppenhofer, Josef &amp; Eder, Elisabeth (2021) \u201cImplicitly Abusive Language: What Does it Actually Look Like and Why are we Not Getting There?, <em>Proccedings of the 2021 Conference of the North America. <\/em>Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 576-587.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>http:\/\/www.atahari.com\/\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b\/ (Accessed 22\/9\/2022)<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.atahari.com\/\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631&#8221;&#8221;\/ (Accessed 10\/9\/2022)<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.atahari.com\/\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\/ (Accessed 25\/9\/2022)<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.diwanalarab.com\/\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u063a\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\/ (Accessed 28\/7\/2022)<\/li>\n<li>http:\/\/www.lebeconomy.com\/205774 (Accessed 5\/10\/2022)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a>)[1]( Mazzone, Marco (2017) \u201cWhy Don\u2019t you Tell it Explicitly? Personal\/Subpersonal Accounts of Implicitness\u201d, In Piotr Cap &amp; Marta Dynel (eds) <em>Implicitness: From Lexis to Discourse<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 261.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>)[2]( Barker, S. (2006) \u201cIntention and Semantics\u201d, In Keith Brown et al. (eds) <em>Encyclopedia of Language &amp; Lnguistics 4<\/em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 723.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>)[3]( Fern\u00e1ndez, Eva M. &amp; Cairns, Helen Smith (2011) <em>Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics<\/em>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 262.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>)[4]( Masia, Viviana (2021) <em>The Manipulative Disguise of Truth: Tricks and Threats of Implicit Communication<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 98.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>)[5]( Sperber, Dan &amp; Wilson, Deirdre (1989) <em>Relevance: Communication and Cognition<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 32-33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>([6]) \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (2008) <strong>\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0635 11.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>([7]) Bach, Kent (2012) \u201cSaying Meaning and Implicating\u201d, In Keith Allan &amp; Kasia M. Jaszczolt (eds) <em>The Cambridge<\/em> <em>Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 55.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>([8]) Bach, \u201cSaying Meaning and Implicating\u201d, In Allan &amp; Jaszczolt (eds<em>) The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. p. 55.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>)[9]( Carston, Robyn (2002) <em>Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 117.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>([10]) Bach, Kent (2006) \u201cPragmatics and the Philosophy of Language\u201d, In Laurence R. Horn &amp; Gregory Ward (eds) <em>The Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 484.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>)[11]( Ogden, C. K. &amp; Richards, I. A. (1923) <em>The Meaning of Meaning<\/em>. New York: A Harvest Book. pp. 186-187.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a>([12]) Bach, Kent (2011) \u201cGrice\u201d, In Barry Lee (ed) <em>Philosophy of Language: the Key Thinkers<\/em>. London: Continuum. p. 179.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a>([13]) Grice, Paul H. (2014) \u201cUsing Language to Mean Something\u201d, In Johannes Angermuller; Dominique Maingueneau &amp; Ruth wodak (eds) <em>The Discourse Studies Reader: Main Currents in Theory and Analysis<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 68.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a>)[14]( Bach (2006) \u201cPragmatics and the Philosophy of Language\u201d, In Horn &amp; Ward (eds) <em>The Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. p. 484.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>([15]) Gleitman, Lila &amp; Papafragou, Anna (2005) \u201cLanguage and Thought\u201d, In Keith J. \u00a0Hoyloak &amp; Robert G. Morrison (eds) <em>The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 636.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a>([16]) Mazzone (2017) \u201cWhy Don\u2019t you Tell it Explicitly? Personal\/Subpersonal Accounts of Implicitness\u201d, In Cap &amp; Dynel (eds) <em>Implicitness: From Lexis to Discourse<\/em>. p. 273.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a>)[17]( Brown, Gillian &amp; Yule, George (1983) <em>Discourse Analysis<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 236.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a>([18]) Gleitman &amp; Papafragou (2005) \u201cLanguage and Thought\u201d, In Hoyloak &amp; Morrison (eds) <em>The Cambridge Handbook <\/em><em>of Thinking and Reasoning<\/em>. p. 636.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a>)[19]( Lederer, Marianne (2014) <em>Translation: the Interpretive Model, Translated by<\/em><em> Ninon Larch\u00e9<\/em>. London: Routledge. pp. 54-55.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a>([20]) Recanati, Fran\u00e7ois (2006) \u201cPragmatics and Semantics\u201d, In Laurence R. Horn &amp; Gregory Ward (eds) The <em>Handbook<\/em><em> of Pragmatics<\/em>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 449.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a>)[21]( Litman, Leib &amp; Reber, Arthur S. (2005) \u201cImplicit Cognition and Thought\u201d, In Keith J.\u00a0 Hoyloak &amp; Robert G. Morrison (eds) <em>The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 432-434.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a>)[22]( Langlotz, Andreas (2016) \u201cLanguage Creativity and Cognition\u201d, In Rodney H. Jones (ed) <em>The Routledge Handbook<\/em> <em>of Language and Creativity<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 54.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a>)[23]( Handl, Sandra &amp; Schmid, Hans-J\u00f6rg (2011) \u201cIntroduction\u201d, In Sandra Handl &amp; Hans-J\u00f6rg Schmid (eds) <em>Windows to the Mind: Metaphor Metonomy and Conceptual Blending.<\/em> Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a>([24]) Sch\u00e4ffner, Christina (2004) \u201cMetaphor and Translation: Some Implications of a Cognitive Approach\u201d, <em>Journal of Pragmatics 36<\/em>. p. 1265.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a>)[25]( Lakoff, George (1993) \u201cThe Contemporary Theory of Metaphor\u201d, In Andrew Ortony (ed) <em>Metaphor and Thought<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203-206.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a>)[26]( Lakoff (1993) \u201cThe Contemporary Theory of Metaphor\u201d, In Ortony (ed) <em>Metaphor and Thought<\/em>. pp. 203-206.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a>)[27]( Carston, Robyn (2016) \u201cContextual Adjustment of Meaning\u201d, In Nick Riemer (ed) <em>The Routledge Handbook of Semantics<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 203.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a>)[28]( Sch\u00e4ffner (2004) \u201cMetaphor and Translation: Some Implications of a Cognitive Approach\u201d, <em>Journal of Pragmatics 36<\/em>. p. 1258.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a>)[29]( Bakhtin, M. M. (1994) \u201cThe Problem of Speech Genres\u201d , In Caryl Emerson &amp; Michael Holquist (eds) <em>Speech Genres and other Late Es<\/em><em>s<\/em><em>ays,<\/em> <em>Translated by Vern W. McGee<\/em>. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 75.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a>)[30]( Mey, Jacob L. (2017) \u201cInterdisciplinarity in Pragmatics and Linguistics\u201d, In Anne Barron; Yueguo Gu &amp; Gerard Steen (eds) <em>The Routledge Handook of Pragmatics.<\/em> London: Routledge. p. 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a>)[31]( Quine, W.V.O. (2013) <em>Words &amp; object<\/em>. Cambridge: The MIT Press. p. XXIX.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><\/a>)[32]( Mey (2017) \u201cInterdisciplinarity in Pragmatics and Linguistics\u201d, In Barron; Gu &amp; Steen (eds) <em>The Routledge Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><\/a>)[33]( Kennedy, Christopher (2011) \u201cAmbiguity and Vagueness: An Overview\u201d, In Claudia Maienborn; Klaus Von Heusinger &amp; Paul Portner (eds) <em>Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning<\/em> <em>1<\/em>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 507.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><\/a>)[34]( \u00a0Leech, Geoffrey &amp; Thomas, Jenny (1990) \u201cLanguage Meaning and Context: Pragmatics\u201d, In N. E. Collinge (ed) <em>An Encyclopedia of Language 1<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 106.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><\/a>([35]) \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 (1979) &#8220;\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u06398 \u06489\u060c \u0635 131.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><\/a>([36]) Allot, Nicholas (2010) <em>key Terms in Pragmatics<\/em>. London: Continuum. p. 194.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><\/a>)[37]( http:\/\/www.diwanalarab.com\/\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u063a\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\/ \u00a0\u00a0(Accessed\u00a0 28 july 2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><\/a>)[38]( Leech &amp; Thomas (1990) \u201cLanguage Meaning and Context: Pragmatics\u201d, In Collinge (ed) <em>An Encyclopedia of Language<\/em>. p. 106.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><\/a>)[39]( Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 288.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><\/a>)[40]( De Beaugrande, Robert &amp; Dressler, Wolfgang (1981) <em>Introduction to Text Linguistics<\/em>. London: Longman. p. 84.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><\/a>)[41]( Leech, Geoffrey (1990) <em>Principles of Pragmatics<\/em>. London: Longman. pp. 38-40.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><\/a>)[42]( Longworth, Guy (2017) \u201cSemantics and Pragmatics\u201d, in Bob Hale; Crispin Wright &amp; Alexander Miller (eds) <em>A<\/em> <em>Companion to the Philosophy of Language 1<\/em>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 120.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><\/a>)[43]( Navarro, Jes\u00fas (2017) \u201cIntention (Including Speech Act)\u201d, In Anne Barrone; Yueguo Gu &amp; Gerard Steen (eds) <em>The Routledge Handbook of Pragmatics<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 217.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><\/a>)[44]( Longworth (2017) \u201cSemantics and Pragmatics\u201d, in Hale; Wright &amp; Miller (eds) <em>A Companion <\/em><em>to the Philosophy<\/em><em> of Language 1<\/em>. p. 114.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\"><\/a>)[45]( Longworth (2017) \u201cSemantics and Pragmatics\u201d, in Hale; Wright &amp; Miller (eds) <em>A Companion to the<\/em> <em>Philosophy<\/em><em> of Language 1<\/em>. p. 114.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\"><\/a>)[46]( De Beaugrande &amp; Dressler (1981) <em>Introduction to Text Linguistics<\/em>. p. 88.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\"><\/a>([47]) Huang (2006) \u201cSpeech Acts\u201d, In Brown et al. (eds) <em>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 11<\/em>. p. 662.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\"><\/a>)[48](Apte, M. L. (2001) \u201cLanguage in Society: Overview\u201d, In Rajend Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics<\/em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 41.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\"><\/a>)[49]( Thomas, Jenny (2013<em>) Meaning in Interaction<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 143.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\"><\/a>([50]) http:\/\/www.atahari.com\/\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\/\u00a0\u00a0 (Accessed 25\/9\/2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\"><\/a>)[51]( Wiegand, Michael; Ruppenhofer, Josef &amp; Eder, Elisabeth (2021) \u201cImplicitly Abusive Language: What Does it Actually Look Like and Why are we Not Getting There?\u201d, <em>Proccedings of the 2021 Conference of the North America. <\/em>Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 577-580.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\"><\/a>)[52]( Fairclough, Norman (2001) \u201cManipulation\u201d, In Rajend Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics<\/em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 574.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\"><\/a>)[53]( Fairclough (2001) \u201cManipulation\u201d, In Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics<\/em>. p. 574.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\"><\/a>([54]) Fairclough (2001) \u201cManipulation\u201d, In Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics<\/em>. p. 574.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\"><\/a>)[55]( Fairclough, Norman (2001) \u201cPower and Language\u201d, In Rajend Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics<\/em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 592-593.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\"><\/a>([56]) Chilton, Paul \u00a0A. (2001) \u201cPolitics and Language\u201d, In Rajend Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics<\/em>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 587.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\"><\/a>([57]) Fairclough (2001) \u201cPower and Language\u201d, In Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise<\/em> <em>Encyclopedia of <\/em><em>S<\/em><em>ociolinguistics<\/em>. p. 595.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\"><\/a>([58]) Fraser, Bruce (1980) \u201cConversational Mitigation\u201d,<em> Journal of Pragmatics 4<\/em>. p. 342.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\"><\/a>)[59]( Fairclough (2001) \u201cPower and Language\u201d, In Mesthrie (ed) <em>Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics. <\/em>pp. 594-595.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\"><\/a>([60]) Kotthoff, Helga (2009) \u201cAn Interactional Approach to Irony Development\u201d, In Neal R. Norrick &amp; Delia Chiaro (eds) <em>Humor in Interaction<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 52.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\"><\/a>)[61]( Simpson, Paul (2003)<em> On the Discourse of Satire: Towards a Stylistics Model of Satire<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 72.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\"><\/a>)[62]( Gurillo, Leonor\u00a0 Ruiz &amp; Ortega, M. Bel\u00e9n Alvarado (2013) \u201cThe Pragmatics of Irony and Humor\u201d, In Leonor Ruiz Gurillo &amp; M. Bel\u00e9n Alvarado Ortega (eds) <em>Irony and Humor: From Pragmatics to Discourse<\/em>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 1-5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftn63\"><\/a>([63]) http:\/\/www.atahari.com\/\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b\/\u00a0\u00a0 (Accessed 22\/9\/2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftn64\"><\/a>)[64]( Grice, Paul H. (1978) \u201cFurther Notes on Logic and Conversation\u201d, In Peter Cole (ed) <em>Syntax &amp;<\/em> <em>Semantics:<\/em> <em>Pragmatics <\/em>9. New York: Academic Press. p. 124.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftn65\"><\/a>)[65]( Grice, Paul H. (1975) &#8220;Logic and Conversation&#8221;, In Peter Cole &amp; Jerry L. Morgan (eds) <em>Syntax and Semantics 3<\/em>. New York: Academic Press. p. 53.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref66\" name=\"_ftn66\"><\/a>([66]) \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (2006) <strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u063a\u064a\u0631: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642. \u0635 59 \u0648129.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref67\" name=\"_ftn67\"><\/a>([67]) Van Eemeren, Frans H. &amp; Henkemans, A. Francisca Snoeck (2017) <em>Argumentation: Analysis and Evaluation<\/em>. London: Routledge. p. 43.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref68\" name=\"_ftn68\"><\/a>([68]) \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631 (2006) <strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u063a\u064a\u0631: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a.<\/strong> \u0635 131.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref69\" name=\"_ftn69\"><\/a>([69]) Van Eemeren, Frans H. &amp; Grootendorst, Rob (2004) <em>A Systemic Theory of Argumentation: the Pragma-Dialectical Approach<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 180.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref70\" name=\"_ftn70\"><\/a>([70]) \u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 (2019) <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. \u0635 17.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref71\" name=\"_ftn71\"><\/a>([71]) Van Eemeren &amp; Grootendorst (2004) <em>A Systemic Theory of Argumentation: the Pragma-Dialectical Approach<\/em>. p. 180.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref72\" name=\"_ftn72\"><\/a>([72]) \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (2019) <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0635 142-141.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref73\" name=\"_ftn73\"><\/a>)[73]( Verdonik, Darinka (2010) \u201cBetween Understanding and Misunderstanding\u201d, <em>Journal of Pragmatics 42<\/em>, p. 1369.\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/doi:10.1016\/j.pragma.2009.09.0007\u00a0 (Accessed 7\/10\/2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref74\" name=\"_ftn74\"><\/a>)[74]( http:\/\/www.lebeconomy.com\/205774\u00a0 (Accessed 5\/10\/2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref75\" name=\"_ftn75\"><\/a>)[75]( http:\/\/www.atahari.com\/\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631&#8221;\/\u00a0 (Accessed 10\/9\/2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref76\" name=\"_ftn76\"><\/a>)[76]( Lukes, Steven (2005) <em>Power: A Radical View<\/em>. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 25-28.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u062f. \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0631\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":494,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,48],"tags":[55],"class_list":["post-501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-48","tag-55"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=501"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":503,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501\/revisions\/503"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=501"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=501"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}