{"id":1222,"date":"2026-06-22T16:15:05","date_gmt":"2026-06-22T13:15:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1222"},"modified":"2026-06-22T16:33:37","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T13:33:37","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1222","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Alexander the Great and the City of Tyre<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A Historical and Methodological Reading of the Political and Military Conflict<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062f.\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dr. Hani Hassan Houmani<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0 5\/ 1 \/ 2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u00a0 25\/\u00a0 2\/2026<\/p>\n<p><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631-\u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 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dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This study aims to examine Alexander the Great\u2019s siege of the city of Tyre in 332 BCE as a pivotal event in ancient history that combined political conflict with military confrontation. The research explores the historical and strategic dimensions of this siege through an analytical and methodological reading that highlights the interaction between political and military forces during that period. It also seeks to explain Tyre\u2019s refusal to submit to Alexander, along with its political and economic motivations, in contrast to Alexander\u2019s expansionist vision aimed at unifying East and West under his authority.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The study adopts the analytical historical method, based on a close reading of ancient sources and modern references, in order to uncover the nature of the relationship between the conquering leader and the independent cities of the Near East. It concludes that the siege of Tyre was not merely a military battle, but rather a political and strategic conflict that reflects Alexander\u2019s worldview and the position of Tyre within his imperial project.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Alexander the Great, Tyre, military siege, expansionist policy, political and military conflict, ancient history, Phoenicians, analytical historical method.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 332 \u0642.\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 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\u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0624\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651\u060c \u062a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629\u064b \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u0645\u064e\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633. (1998). \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629). \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0642. (2015). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0643. \u062c. (1982). \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645. (1999). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0631. (1985). \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0643. (1991). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0646. (1983). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629). \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0640. (1965). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639). \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>(1971). The campaigns of Alexander. London: Penguin Books.<\/li>\n<li>Clausewitz, C. von. (1993). On war. London: Campbell Publishers Ltd.<\/li>\n<li>DeVries, K. (2008). Siege of Tyre, 332 BC. In Battles that changed warfare 1457 BC \u2013 AD 1991 .London: Amber.<\/li>\n<li>Jidejian, N. (1969). Tyre through the ages. Beirut: Dar el-Mashreq Publishers.<\/li>\n<li>Philip Freeman, Alexander the Great, First Edition, Simon &amp; Schuster Publishing House, USA, 2011.<\/li>\n<li>(1844). La vie des hommes illustres. Paris: Didier.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">1<\/a> \u00a0Philip Freeman, Alexander the Great, First Edition, Simon &amp; Schuster Publishing House, USA, 2011,P. 45.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">1<\/a> \u00a0\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. (\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c 1983\u060c \u0635 11\u201314).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">2<\/a> \u00a0\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c 1965\u060c \u0635 15.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">3<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1999\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">1<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 52.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">2<\/a> \u00a0\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062f 5\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 1\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 211.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">1<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u060c \u201c\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u201d\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 1998\u060c \u0635 45.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">1<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 54.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">1<\/a> \u00a0Jidejian, N., Tyre through the Ages, Dar el-Mashreq Publishers, Beirut, 1969, p.39<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">1<\/a> \u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 1982\u060c \u0635 62.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">2<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1999\u060c \u0635 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">1<\/a> \u00a0Clausewitz, Carl von, On War, David, Campbell Publishers Ltd, London, 1993, p:120<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">1<\/a> \u00a0Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, Penguin Books, London, 1971, p.124<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">2<\/a> \u00a0DeVries, Kelly. \u201cSiege of Tyre, 332 BC.\u201d In Battles that Changed Warfare 1457 BC \u2013 AD 1991, 28-37, Amber, London, 2008, p:30<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">3<\/a> \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u063a\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. (\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c 1991\u060c \u0635 13\u201318).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">1<\/a> \u200f\u00a0Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, Penguin Books, London, 1971, p. 124<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">1<\/a> \u00a0\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985\u060c \u0635 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">2<\/a> \u00a0\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c 1965\u060c \u0635 59.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">1<\/a> Plutarque, La vie des hommes, Didier, Paris ,1844, p.291<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 Alexander the Great and the City of Tyre A Historical and Methodological Reading of the Political and Military Conflict \u062f.\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a[1] Dr. Hani Hassan Houmani \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0 5\/ 1 \/ 2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u00a0 25\/\u00a0 2\/2026 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[64],"class_list":["post-1222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-64"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1222"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1222\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1254,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1222\/revisions\/1254"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}