{"id":1215,"date":"2026-06-22T16:12:52","date_gmt":"2026-06-22T13:12:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1215"},"modified":"2026-06-22T16:33:37","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T13:33:37","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1215","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 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Critical Analytical Perspective in Light of Transformations in Educational Governance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><strong> \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dr. Wafaa Shaher Dari<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u00a011\/\u00a0 3\/ 2026 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u00a030\/\u00a0 4\/2026.<\/p>\n<p><a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Education systems around the world are witnessing a significant expansion in performance evaluation practices. However, this expansion often reduces education to a limited set of numerical indicators, overlooking the inherent complexity of the learning process and its interaction with broader cultural and social contexts. A notable paradox emerges as international assessments such as PISA and OECD indicators have become global benchmarks of educational quality, even though many of these measures primarily capture surface-level knowledge and fail to reflect deeper learning or individual differences among students.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Within this context, institutional evaluation has gained increasing importance as a broader framework for understanding the performance of educational systems. Rather than focusing solely on individual achievement, it extends to examining the effectiveness of educational institutions, policies, and learning environments. Likewise, educational performance indicators provide analytical tools that support policymakers in assessing system efficiency and guiding quality improvement efforts.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This study aims to deconstruct the theoretical foundations of educational system evaluation and analyze international discourses surrounding educational quality. It adopts a critical analytical approach that examines global assessment models and contemporary educational technologies, while integrating principles of active learning philosophy and Merrill\u2019s instructional design model.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The findings indicate that contemporary evaluation practices tend to prioritize measurable outputs while overlooking cognitive, social, and psychological dimensions of learning. Moreover, many prevailing models fail to incorporate new knowledge within learners\u2019 real-life contexts, which weakens cumulative knowledge development and limits applied learning. The study therefore highlights the need to redesign evaluation tools in ways that reflect the dynamic interaction between teacher, learner, content, and learning environment.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This paper contributes to the field by proposing an integrated conceptual framework for educational system evaluation that combines quantitative measurement with qualitative analysis, acknowledges individual differences among learners, and strengthens the relationship between evaluation practices and the broader goal of improving the quality of education. Such an approach may open new pathways for rethinking educational policies at both national and international levels.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Keywords: <\/strong>Educational System, Evaluation, Institutional Evaluation, Quality of Education, Educational Governance, Educational Accountability, Large-Scale Assessment, Individual Differences in Learning.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b 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\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Fullan, 2021).<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 (Excellence in Education) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 (Student-Centered Learning) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Diversity &amp; Individual Differences) \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651 (Interdisciplinary) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 (Differentiation) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062c\u0627\u062d&#8221; \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a (Institutional Evaluation) \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 (Excellence in Education) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Scheerens, 2021).<\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 Organisation for Economic Co\u2011operation and Development \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c Programme for International Student Assessment\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (Breakspear, 2022).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 World Bank \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 World Bank Education Indicators\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0637\u0627\u0642 (Large-scale Assessment) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Educational Accountability)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0637\u0627\u0642 (Large-scale Assessment) \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Educational System Evaluation) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Quality of Education) \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Diversity &amp; Individual Differences) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 (Differentiation) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 (Performance Indicators) \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Educational Accountability) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 (Excellence) \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/strong><strong>~<\/strong><strong>\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 (Student-Centered Learning) \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Individual Differences) \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Differentiation).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Quality of Education) \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 (Excellence in Education) \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 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\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biesta, G. (2020). Educational assessment and the measurement of learning: Beyond the limits of testing. Routledge.<\/li>\n<li>Breakspear, S. (2022). The impact of international large-scale assessments on education policy. OECD Publishing.<\/li>\n<li>Fullan, M. (2021). The right drivers for whole system success. Centre for Strategic Education.<\/li>\n<li>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). Education policy outlook: Building responsive and resilient education systems. OECD Publishing.<\/li>\n<li>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). PISA 2022 results: What students know and can do. OECD Publishing.<\/li>\n<li>Scheerens, J. (2021). Educational effectiveness and institutional evaluation in education systems. Springer.<\/li>\n<li>Williamson, B. (2023). Big data in education: The digital future of learning, policy and practice. Sage Publications.<\/li>\n<li>World Bank. (2021). World development report: Data for better lives. World Bank Publications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 Education System Evaluation Between the Logic of Measurement and the Logic of Meaning: A Critical Analytical Perspective in Light of Transformations in Educational Governance \u062f. \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u00a0 Dr. Wafaa Shaher Dari \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u00a011\/\u00a0 3\/ 2026 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,54],"tags":[64],"class_list":["post-1215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-54","tag-64"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1215","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1215"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1247,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1215\/revisions\/1247"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1215"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}