{"id":1170,"date":"2026-03-23T23:44:49","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T20:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1170"},"modified":"2026-03-24T00:02:26","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T21:02:26","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1170","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Citizenship and Human Rights<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062f.\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0635\u0642\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dr.<\/strong> <strong>Loubna Mouhammad saker<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 22\/ 11\/ 2025\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 29\/ 12 \/2025<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629-\u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u2013 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This study examines the concept of citizenship in the Lebanese context as a regulatory framework governing the relationship between the individual and the state, based on an integrated system of rights and duties, and on the principles of equality and participation in public affairs. The study proceeds from the hypothesis that the sectarian political structure constitutes a structural obstacle to the realization of effective citizenship and contributes to the reproduction of sub-national loyalties at the expense of national belonging, which negatively affects human rights and societal security. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology through analyzing relevant constitutional and legal texts, reviewing theoretical literature, and linking them to a critical reading of the reality of political and social practice in Lebanon.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The findings indicate that the rule of law, despite its importance, is not sufficient on its own to consolidate citizenship unless it is supported by civic culture, citizenship education, and state institutions capable of ensuring substantive equality and social justice. The study further concludes that the transition from a state of sects to a state of citizens requires a long-term cumulative process in which legislative reform is integrated with educational, cultural, and political reform, thereby strengthening inclusive national identity and reducing internal divisions. The study recommends strengthening the role of the state and civil society institutions in promoting a culture of citizenship and linking it to development, security, and stability.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Citizenship \u2013 Human Rights \u2013 Sectarianism \u2013 The Lebanese State \u2013 Democracy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 2017.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0647\u064a\u062a\u0631. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c 2007.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1968<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631. \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2009\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c 2004.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 1993-1994.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0661\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0664<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pierre Resanvallon, La crise de l&#8217;Etat providence, Ed. Seuil, Paris, 1981<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c modors.com 16\/4\/2017<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.platfrom.almanhal.com\">platfrom.almanhal.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 dr-ali-younis.yoo7.com 26\/3\/2011.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0633\u060c 2004\u060c\u00a0 \u0635 40.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c www.modors.com 16\/4\/2017<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629: \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a www.platfrom.almanhal.com<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 dr-ali-younis.yoo7.com 26\/3\/2011.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 dr-ali-younis.yoo7.com 26\/3\/2011.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u0642\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 1993-1994\u060c \u0635 354-346.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> &#8211; \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0647\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635 59.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> &#8211; Resanvallon, La crise de l&#8217;Etat providence, Ed. Seuil, Paris, 1981, p. 47<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 34.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> &#8211; \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 381.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> &#8211; \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2009\u060c \u0635 8.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> &#8211; \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> &#8211; \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635 51.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> &#8211; \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0635 63.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0635 63.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 Citizenship and Human Rights \u062f.\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0635\u0642\u0631 Dr. Loubna Mouhammad saker \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 22\/ 11\/ 2025\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 29\/ 12 \/2025 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1142,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[63],"class_list":["post-1170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-63"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1170","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1170"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1170\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1186,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1170\/revisions\/1186"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1170"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1170"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1170"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}