{"id":1148,"date":"2026-03-23T23:04:02","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T20:04:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1148"},"modified":"2026-03-24T00:02:26","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T21:02:26","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%91-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%83%d9%92%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1148","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>The nature of intertextuality in Arab thought<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f. \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646<sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Dr. Oussama Mohammad Chaaban<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 15<strong>\/ <\/strong>12\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 20\/ 1\/ 2026<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651&#8221; \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064d \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d 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\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629: <\/strong>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This study examines the concept of intertextuality as a critical and literary phenomenon based on the interaction and interpenetration of texts, whereby a new text is formed through the incorporation and transformation of prior textual elements within a renewed semantic structure. The research addresses a central question concerning whether classical Arab scholars and literary figures were familiar with the essence of intertextuality, even if they did not employ the modern term, and whether intertextuality represents an indigenous feature of Arabic literary tradition or a concept derived from modern Western criticism.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The study aims to trace the roots of intertextuality within Arabic literary and rhetorical heritage by identifying its manifestations in classical critical concepts such as quotation, incorporation, imitation, and adaptation. It further seeks to demonstrate that the multiplicity of terms reflects a unified underlying phenomenon and to highlight the role of intertextuality as a creative mechanism that contributes to the construction and enrichment of literary meaning.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Methodologically, the study adopts both historical and analytical approaches. The historical method is employed to investigate the presence and evolution of intertextual practices across different literary periods, from the pre-Islamic era to the modern age, while the analytical method is used to examine selected textual examples and reveal patterns of textual interaction. The findings indicate that Arabic literature had long embodied various forms of intertextuality prior to the emergence of the modern term, and that the Qur\u2019an, in particular, served as a central intertextual source that influenced literary expression across centuries.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The study concludes that intertextuality is not merely a process of borrowing but a dynamic and creative act involving transformation, reinterpretation, and textual renewal. It affirms that intertextuality represents a deeply rooted feature of Arabic literary tradition, demonstrating continuity between classical heritage and modern literary creativity, and underscoring its enduring role in shaping Arabic literary identity.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords :<\/strong>intertextuality, plagiarism, parallelism, quotation, allusion, deviation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651&#8221; \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0650\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u0633 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651&#8221; \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0650\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064f\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a 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(370\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (1961\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062c\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0631\u062c\u0628. (2001\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649. (2005\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629\u060c 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\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>3_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u062e\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>4_ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0629): \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>5_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f (\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0635\u064a): \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p>6_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0635\u064a: \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062e\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644(<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>1_\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>2_ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n<p>3_ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631(<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<p>1_ \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>2_ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>3_ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>4_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>5_ \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651(<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u062c- \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<p>1_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651: \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>2_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651: \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0637(<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d<\/strong><sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup><strong> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064f \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u064e\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0644\u063a\u0629\u064b: <\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646: \u0644\u0645\u062d \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a: \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064d\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064d\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064d \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064d\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064d\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645: {<strong>\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0647\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0622\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u062e\u0650\u064a\u0647\u0650 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064f \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064f \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064c \u062d\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062d\u0650\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e (64)}<\/strong><sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649: {<strong>\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0650\u0651\u064a \u0644\u064e\u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0632\u064f\u0646\u064f\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u0643\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0650\u0651\u0626\u0652\u0628\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0647\u064f \u063a\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e (13)}<\/strong><sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064d\u060c \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0644<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>: [\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0648\u064a\u0644]<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"43%\">\u0644\u064e\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064c \u0645\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064f \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0638\u064a<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"8%\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"47%\">\u0623\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064f \u0648\u0623\u064e\u062d\u0641\u064e\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628\u0650<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064f: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0649: \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064e\u0641\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064f \u0641\u064a\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062d\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0650<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648: [\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637]<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"43%\">\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0628\u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u064d\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0650<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"8%\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"47%\">\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0650 \u0645\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064f \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0621\u0650 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0650.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064d \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0650\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c\u0650 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>: [\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637]<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"43%\">\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u064e \u0639\u0646\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0647\u064f<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"8%\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"47%\">\u0648\u0642\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0647\u0652<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"43%\">\u0623\u0638\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"8%\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"47%\">\u0635\u064f\u062d\u0628\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0635\u064f\u062d\u0628\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0647\u0652<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648: [\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u062c]<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"43%\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u064e \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0650<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"8%\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"47%\">\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0652 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u064e \u0639\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0628\u0650<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062f&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u061b \u0646\u0639\u064e\u0645\u0652\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642&#8221;(<a href=\"#_ftn36\" name=\"_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a>): [\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0629]<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0651\u064f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062b\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0631\u064c.. \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u0631\u0650 \u062f\u0642\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0652<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u062b\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0628\u0629\u064c \u0623\u0646\u0628\u062a\u062a\u0652 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0650<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064e \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064e\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0650\u0651 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064f \u0633\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629..&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629: \ufd3f\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0671\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0650\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0645\u06e1\u0648\u064e\u0670\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u06e1 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0633\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0644\u0650 \u0671\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644\u0650 \u062d\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0629\u064d \u0623\u064e\u0646\u06e2\u0628\u064e\u062a\u064e\u062a\u06e1 \u0633\u064e\u0628\u06e1\u0639\u064e \u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0644\u064e \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0650 \u0633\u064f\u0646\u06e2\u0628\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0629\u0656 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u0650 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0652&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651)(<a href=\"#_ftn39\" name=\"_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a>): [\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0648\u064a\u0644]<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064f \u0634\u064a\u0621\u064d \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u064f\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064f \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064e 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0641\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0643\u064a&#8221;(<a href=\"#_ftn42\" name=\"_ftnref42\">[42]<\/a>): [\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0629]<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u064a\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0652<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0650<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a\u064f \u0648\u0642\u0644\u062a\u064f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0650:<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0643\u0650&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633(<a href=\"#_ftn43\" name=\"_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a>): [\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644]<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0643\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064d \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0650\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0650 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0650(<a href=\"#_ftn44\" name=\"_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f.\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06373\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\/ \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u06371\u060c 1987\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1985\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c 1900\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623_ \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062f.\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628_ \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c 2000\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c 1996\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f.\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u06372\u060c 1988\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c 1985\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u06371\u060c 1991\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1998\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623_ \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651\u060c \u062f.\u0646\u060c \u062f.\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f.\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628_ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c 1999\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u06371\u060c 2004\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c 1929\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u064a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1989\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>_ \u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 3\u060c 1983\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f 1\u060c 1991\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>_ \u0637\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>_ \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 15 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2020\u0645. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.alquds.co.uk\">www.alquds.co.uk<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a>([1]) \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 UL\/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629LIU \/ \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00a0\u00a0 GU<\/p>\n<p>o.shaaban1976@gmail.com<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>([2]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1991\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 1\u060c \u0635250 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>([3]) \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645: \ufd3f\u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0621\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0671\u0644\u06e1\u0623\u064e\u0633\u06e1\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0653\u0621\u064e \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u062b\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u06e1 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0671\u0644\u06e1\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0670\u0653\u0626\u0650\u0643\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u06e2\u0628\u0650\u0640\u0654\u064f\u0648\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0628\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0633\u06e1\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0653\u0621\u0650 \u0647\u064e\u0670\u0653\u0624\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0653\u0621\u0650 \u0625\u0650\u0646 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f\u0645\u06e1 \u0635\u064e\u0670\u062f\u0650\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0663\u0661 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0633\u064f\u0628\u06e1\u062d\u064e\u0670\u0646\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u0650\u0644\u06e1\u0645\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0653 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u06e1\u062a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0653\u06d6 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0671\u0644\u06e1\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064f \u0671\u0644\u06e1\u062d\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064f\u0663\u0662 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u064a\u064e\u0670\u0653\u0640\u0654\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u06e2\u0628\u0650\u0626\u06e1\u0647\u064f\u0645 \u0628\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0633\u06e1\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0653\u0626\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u06e1\u06d6 \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0653 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u06e2\u0628\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645 \u0628\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0633\u06e1\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0653\u0626\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u06e1 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u06e1 \u0623\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0644 \u0644\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645\u06e1 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0653 \u0623\u064e\u0639\u06e1\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u063a\u064e\u064a\u06e1\u0628\u064e \u0671\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0670\u0648\u064e\u0670\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0671\u0644\u06e1\u0623\u064e\u0631\u06e1\u0636\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0639\u06e1\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u06e1\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f\u0645\u06e1 \u062a\u064e\u0643\u06e1\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e\u0663\u0663\ufd3e [\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c 31-33 ].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>([4]) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c7\u060c \u063597\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646 \u0635 \u0635.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>([5]) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c15\u060c \u0635327\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646 \u0635 \u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>([6]) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062c18\u060c \u0635179\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646 \u0635 \u0635.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>([7]) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062c40\u060c \u063595\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646 \u0635 \u064a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>([8]) \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c 1983\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f3\u060c \u063537.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>([9]) \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u063516.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>([10]) \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635215.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>([11]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u060c \u063541.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a>([12]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651\u060c \u0635121.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a>([13]) \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1998\u0645\u060c \u063537.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a>([14]) \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u063553-54.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>([15]) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0635214.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a>([16]) \u0635\u0628\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 58.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a>([17]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627\u060c \u063519.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a>([18]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0635 21.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a>([19]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u060c \u063541.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a>([20]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0635 117.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a>([21]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0635 117.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a>([22]) \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u063595.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a>([23]) \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632 &#8220;\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0632\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062d&#8221; \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062d&#8221;. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c3\u060c \u0635430.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a>([24]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635584\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644 \u0645 \u062d.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a>([25]) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635295. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635110. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635304. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635431.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a>([26]) \u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c 64.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a>([27]) \u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c 13.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a>([28]) \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063514.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a>([29]) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c7\u060c \u0635160\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631 \u0645 \u0636.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a>([30]) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c14\u060c \u0635186\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d \u0641 \u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a>([31]) \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u063515.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><\/a>([32]) \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c24\u060c \u063552.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><\/a>([33]) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><\/a>([34]) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635197.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><\/a>([35]) \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0638: &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628&#8221;. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635270.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><\/a>([36]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u060c \u063522.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><\/a>([37]) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c 261.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><\/a>([38]) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634\u060c \u063544.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><\/a>([39]) \u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u063585.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><\/a>([40]) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063533.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><\/a>([41]) \u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c 44.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><\/a>([42]) \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><\/a>([43]) \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0633\u060c \u063521.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><\/a>([44]) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 15 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2020\u0645. www.alquds.co.uk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0652\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 The nature of intertextuality in Arab thought \u062f. \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646([1]) Dr. Oussama Mohammad Chaaban \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 15\/ 12\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 20\/ 1\/ 2026 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0651&#8221; \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1142,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,48],"tags":[63],"class_list":["post-1148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-48","tag-63"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1148","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1148"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1148\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1166,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1148\/revisions\/1166"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1148"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}