{"id":1139,"date":"2026-03-23T23:02:22","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T20:02:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1139"},"modified":"2026-03-24T00:02:26","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T21:02:26","slug":"%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%91%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1139","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n

The philosophy of dualities in diaspora poetry, pessimism and optimism in Elia Abu Madi as a model<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u063a\u0648\u0644[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Dr. Fatima Ahmed Abdel Qader Al-Zaghoul<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 10\/9 \/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 11\/ \u00a010\/2025<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

The research examines the manifestations of the philosophy of antithetical dualities in diaspora poetry, in which this phenomenon has emerged. It focuses on the duality of pessimism and optimism in the poetry of Elia Abu Madi, one of the most prominent poets of the Pen League abroad. His poetry is characterized by its inclination toward philosophy, a love of nature, and the combination of the duality of pessimism and optimism in \u00a0his poetry collections. At one point, we find him calling on people to smile, be optimistic, hopeful, and embrace life. At another point, we find him searching for himself amidst the secrets of existence, only to find only despair and confusion<\/p>\n

The research consists of an introduction that presents the general characteristics of diaspora literature and the manifestations of the philosophy of antithetical dualities among the poets of the Pen League. It also includes three subtopics: The first section examines the concept of antithetical dualities and their manifestations in diaspora literature. The second section presents a brief biography of the poet Elia Abu Madi, his literary works, and his stylistic characteristics<\/p>\n

The third section, the focus of the study, is a stylistic study of a group of examples demonstrating the duality of pessimism and optimism in Elia Abu Madi’s poetry. In conclusion, the research findings on the manifestations of pessimism and optimism in Elia Abu Madi’s poetry and their impact on modern Arabic poetry were reviewed<\/p>\n

Keywords: philosophy, dualisms, pessimism, optimism<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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” \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062c\u0631<\/p>\n

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“\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0637\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u062a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631”[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n

” \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u062d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n

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” \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0646\u064c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0645<\/p>\n

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“\u062f\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n

\u063a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644\u062a\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0632\u0647\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062e\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631”[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0646\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u060c \u00a0\u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0644\u061f \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0633\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 .<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0633\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0626\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645:<\/p>\n

“\u0648\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u062f\u0623\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0651\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0651\u064a<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0643\u0648\u062e\u064a \u0643\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646”[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0669\u0660\u0661\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 ( \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a)\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629) \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a (\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628).[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

“\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

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\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0647\u0648\u0631\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0628\u064c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a”[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

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” \u0627\u0628\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0649\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0621”[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a!”<\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a!<\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0633\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a!”[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u062d\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c( \u0661\u0664\u0660\u0665\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0645 \u0661\u0662\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n
  2. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c (\u062f\u060c \u062a)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n
  3. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u060c (\u062f\u060c \u062a) \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0637\u0661\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0668\u0664\u0669.<\/li>\n
  4. \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f : \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634( \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0664\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f. \u0637.<\/li>\n
  5. \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0646\u062c\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c( \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0662\u0645)\u060c \u0637\u0663.<\/li>\n
  6. \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n
  7. \u062d\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c(\u0662\u0660\u0661\u0663\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647.<\/li>\n
  8. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631 \u0662\u0666\/\u0661\u0661\/\u0662\u0660\u0662\u0664\u060c<\/li>\n
  9. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c( \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0664\u0645)\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n
  10. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c(\u0662\u0660\u0661\u0667)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0661.<\/li>\n
  11. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c( \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0660\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/li>\n
  12. \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0667\u0662\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0661\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0661\u0669\u0667\u0662.<\/li>\n
  13. \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n
  14. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631( \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0662) : \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0637\u0661\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n
  15. \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c ( \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0662\u0645)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n
  16. \u0642\u0628\u0634\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c( \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0661\u0645 )\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0661.<\/li>\n
  17. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c\u0639\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c(\u0661\u0669\u0666\u0666\u0645)\u060c \u0637\u0663\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [1]<\/a> \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\/ \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0662\u0666\/ \u0661\u0662\/ \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0664<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0664\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635 10 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    https:llrepository.neelain.edu.sd<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 :\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0660\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0635 \u0664\u0660\u0666 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0667\u0662\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0661\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0661\u0669\u0667\u0662\u060c \u0635 \u0662\u0669.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631 \u0662\u0666\/\u0661\u0661\/\u0662\u0660\u0662\u0664\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0661\u0660.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0667\u0669-\u0663\u0668\u0660.<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0661\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0667\u060c\u0635 \u0661\u0666.<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0661\u0664\u0660\u0665\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0645 \u0661\u0662\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0637\u0661\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0668\u0664\u0669.<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0646 .<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0642\u0628\u0634\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u060c \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0661\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0661\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0669\u0665.<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0665\u0668.<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0663\u0665\u0664.<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f \u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0666\u0660.<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0665\u0664.<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0664\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u00a0(\u062f\u060c \u0637)\u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0663.<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0662\u0665.<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c\u0639\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c\u0661\u0669\u0666\u0666\u0645 \u0637\u0663\u060c\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0635 \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0667\u0668 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0668\u0669.<\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0646\u062c\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0662\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0663\u060c \u0635\u0661\u0663\u0664.<\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 \u0663\u0666\u0664\u060c\u0663\u0666\u0663. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643: \u0642\u0628\u0634\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0635 \u0663\u0660\u0663.<\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0663\u0664.<\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    [24]<\/a> \u0642\u0628\u0634\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0663\u0660\u0663.<\/p>\n

    [25]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    [26]<\/a> \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u060c \u0635 \u0666\u0665\u0665.<\/p>\n

    [27]<\/a> \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0635\u0662\u0662\u0664.<\/p>\n

    [28]<\/a> \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0635\u0661\u0662\u0664.<\/p>\n

    [29]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0669\u0661.<\/p>\n

    [30]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631( \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0662) : \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0661\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635( \u0665\u0668-\u0666\u0661).<\/p>\n

    [31]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0661\u0669\u0663.<\/p>\n

    [32]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062d\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c\u0662\u0660\u0661\u0663\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0667\u0664 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    [33]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0646\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0665.<\/p>\n

    [34]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0668\u0661\u0666.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 The philosophy of dualities in diaspora poetry, pessimism and optimism in Elia Abu Madi as a model \u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u063a\u0648\u0644[1] \u00a0\u00a0Dr. Fatima Ahmed Abdel Qader Al-Zaghoul \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 10\/9 \/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 11\/ \u00a010\/2025 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1142,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,48],"tags":[63],"class_list":["post-1139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-48","tag-63"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1139"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1159,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions\/1159"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}