{"id":1045,"date":"2025-12-30T22:44:03","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T19:44:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1045"},"modified":"2026-01-01T17:39:45","modified_gmt":"2026-01-01T14:39:45","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a4%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%91-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%91-%d9%81%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1045","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Dimensions of National and Humanistic Optimism in Fouad Al-Khishn\u2019s Poetry<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0628\u0644\u0635<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dr. Mohammad Hoblos<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 8<strong>\/<\/strong>9<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 21\/10 \/2025<\/p>\n<p><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651&gt;<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\">Abstract<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This study explores <strong>optimism in the poetry of Fouad Al-Khishn<\/strong><strong>,<\/strong> considering it a central dimension of his poetic vision and a vital force in confronting historical and human challenges, particularly the suffering of the Palestinian people under oppression and displacement. The research highlights the symbolic significance of <strong>the color white<\/strong> in his poetry, as it emerges as one of the most prominent symbols of hope, renewal, and purity, reflecting universal values of peace and human brotherhood that transcend spatial and temporal boundaries.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The main objective of this research is to examine how Al-Khishn employs the symbolism of optimism to construct a poetic discourse capable of restoring confidence in the oppressed Arab individual and of asserting the <strong>humanitarian and universal dimension<\/strong> of his poetic experience. His poetry does not merely depict tragedy or despair, but rather transcends them by instilling resilience, affirming the inevitability of victory, and emphasizing the ethical and cultural function of literature in resistance.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The study adopts a <strong>descriptive-analytical approach<\/strong><strong>,<\/strong> combined with a thematic analysis of selected poems, in order to deconstruct their symbolic structures and interpret their humanistic implications in the light of modern Arabic literary criticism.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The findings reveal that Al-Khishn\u2019s poetry constructs an <strong>optimistic humanistic discourse<\/strong> that resists despair and defeatism, portraying optimism as a weapon parallel to armed struggle in liberation movements. Moreover, his poetic practice aligns with the broader project of <strong>modern <\/strong><strong>Arabic poetry<\/strong><strong>,<\/strong> which sought to expand its scope beyond local or national concerns toward a universal human vision, where optimism becomes a unifying message that addresses the suffering and aspirations of humankind at large.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0636\u0627\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0644\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633. <strong>\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631.<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0637 3\u060c 1983\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c 1988\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c 2007\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0651\u0627\u0628. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u062f 1\u060c 1966.<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631. <strong>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/strong> \u062a\u0631: \u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0634\u064a. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. <strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631.<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0639\u062f\u062f 37\u060c 1968.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f. <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646.<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1993.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a. <strong>(<\/strong><strong>Herbert Red<\/strong><strong>) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/strong> \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0627\u0647\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 1975\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f. <strong>\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627).<\/strong> \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062f 41\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c 2014.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631. <strong>\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651<\/strong>. \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 2012.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Riffaterre, M, La production du texte, seuil, Paris, 1979.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u062b: <a href=\"mailto:mouhamadhoblos1964@gmail.com\">mouhamadhoblos1964@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0635 182.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0635 7.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0635 96.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Riffaterre, M, La production du texte, seuil, Paris, 1979.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0631\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u060c (Herbert Red) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0635 19.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062f)\u060c 2\/ 469.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c 1\/ 369.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> &#8211; \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635 471\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1993.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0635 198.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062f)\u060c 2\/ 469-470.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648: \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0635 17 \u2013 18.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633: \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0635 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633)\u060c 2\/ 415-416.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0622\u064a\u0629 107.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0622\u064a\u0629 13.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0635 97.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633)\u060c 2\/ 416.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 415-416.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>\u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0635 373.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0635 7.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 The Dimensions of National and Humanistic Optimism in Fouad Al-Khishn\u2019s Poetry \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0628\u0644\u0635[1] Dr. Mohammad Hoblos \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 8\/9\u00a0 \/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 21\/10 \/2025 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1032,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,48],"tags":[62],"class_list":["post-1045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-48","tag-62"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1045","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1045"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1045\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1098,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1045\/revisions\/1098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1045"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1045"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1045"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}