{"id":1013,"date":"2025-09-28T09:41:49","date_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:41:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1013"},"modified":"2025-09-28T09:57:05","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:57:05","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1013","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Educational leadership and its role in the development of educational institutions: Concepts, patterns, and challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Khansa Ahmad Hemdanieh<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0651- \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><br \/>\nAmid the rapid changes in the education sector, educational leadership emerges as a vital element in developing educational institutions and enhancing their effectiveness. The role of an educational leader is no longer limited to administrative and organizational aspects; it now encompasses building a stimulating learning environment that fosters creativity, meets learners&#8217; needs, and contributes to achieving qualitative outcomes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This research analyzes the role of educational leadership in creating a positive learning environment and its impact on achieving educational productivity in academic institutions. It explores the concepts, development, and various models of educational leadership while highlighting the challenges faced by leaders in the field. Additionally, the study sheds light on successful real-life models from the Lebanese context, enhancing the practical aspect of the research and presenting actionable recommendations.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Furthermore, the study examines the role of educational leadership in improving academic performance within Lebanese public schools by analyzing successful models. The results indicate that participatory and transformative leadership styles foster a positive environment and motivate educational staff. The study also highlights the importance of emotional intelligence and leadership skills in addressing institutional and cultural challenges.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The research recommends strengthening professional training and supporting the autonomy of educational leaders, emphasizing that effective leadership is the cornerstone of any sustainable educational reform.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong><strong> :<\/strong>Eucational leadership &#8211;\u00a0 Participative- \u00a0Educational Environment &#8211;\u00a0 Efficiency &#8211;\u00a0 Emotional Intelligence<strong>&#8211; <\/strong><strong>Positive Environment<\/strong><strong>&#8211; <\/strong>Patterns- Challenges.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 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\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0645\u0646<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u064e \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u061b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u061b \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u062d\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1950-1970)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a\u0652 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1980-1990)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Transformational Leadership).<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 (2000- \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639\u0629 (Distributed Leadership).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Ethical Leadership).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 (Servant Leadership).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u064f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0641<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0651<\/strong>: \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/strong>: \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong>: \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u00a0\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0645.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0651.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0637\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627<strong>\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0651\u064f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0634.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064e\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0641\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0651\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0624\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0641\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0647\u0645 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\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651<\/strong>: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645<\/strong>: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 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\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/strong>: \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong>: \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0645<\/strong>: \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0639\u0628<\/strong>: 24 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629<\/strong>: 644.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0651\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a 2024\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064e \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a 35 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629-\u0632\u063a\u0631\u062a\u0627<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 &#8220;\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u063a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0641\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 100%\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 &#8220;\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a&#8221;<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 <\/strong><strong>CELF<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 (CELF) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0622\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0648&#8221;\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d 100% \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629<\/strong>: \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0641\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627&#8221;<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629<\/strong>: \u0623\u064f\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651&#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;Arc en Ciel&#8221;\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u062c\u062d\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/strong>: \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0651\u064e\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Bass&amp; Avolio, 1994)\u060c<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Leithwood et al. (2006))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b (Owens &amp; Valesky (2011))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c (Fullan (2001))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Tschannen-Moran (2004))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 (McGregor\u2019s Theory Y)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0651 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Bush &amp; Glover (2003))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c (Kotter (1996))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f2020)<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 (Goleman (1998))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Day et al. (2011))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (UNESCO (2017))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0647 Barber et al.) (2010))<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0637\u064f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064f\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong>: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644: 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\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. (2025\u060c 9 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 https:\/\/ar-entrepreneur.com\/\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a-\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. (2018\u060c 25 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631). \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635. 24 [PDF]. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noor-book.com\/\">https:\/\/www.noor-book.com\/<\/a> \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628-\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u062f. (2011\u060c 30 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631). \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 27 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/almualem.net\/saboora\/showthread.php?t=28835\">https:\/\/almualem.net\/saboora\/showthread.php?t=28835<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. (2006\u060c 22 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0635. 254). \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645. (2018\u060c 22 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629: \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.janobiyat.com\/news34793\/\">https:\/\/www.janobiyat.com\/news34793\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631. (2024\u060c 4 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631). \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 https:\/\/www.nna-leb.gov.lb\/ar\/education\/667296\/<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631. (2025\u060c 1 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631). \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imlebanon.org\/2015\/10\/01\/circus-educational-school-rachel-eddde-sebhel\/?utm\">https:\/\/www.imlebanon.org\/2015\/10\/01\/circus-educational-school-rachel-eddde-sebhel\/?utm<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631. (2021\u060c 4 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633). \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 https:\/\/elmarada.org\/\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629-\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u062f\u0647-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0649-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631. (2022\u060c 15 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648). \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u061f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lebanon24.com\/news\/lebanon\/971576\/\">https:\/\/www.lebanon24.com\/news\/lebanon\/971576\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631. (2015\u060c 25 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633). \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/lkdg.org\/ode\/13788?utm_source\">https:\/\/lkdg.org\/ode\/13788?utm_source<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. (\u0628.\u062a.). \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/em>\u060c 6(1)\u060c 742.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Barber, M., Whelan, F., &amp; Clark, M. (2010). <em>Capturing the leadership premium: How the world&#8217;s best-performing school systems come out on top<\/em>. McKinsey &amp; Company.<\/li>\n<li>Bass, B. M., &amp; Avolio, B. J. (1993). <em>Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership<\/em>. SAGE Publications. <a href=\"https:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/improving-organizational-effectiveness-through-transformational-leadership\/book4228\">https:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/improving-organizational-effectiveness-through-transformational-leadership\/book4228<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bush, T., &amp; Glover, D. (2003). <em>School leadership: Concepts and evidence<\/em>. National College for School Leadership.<\/li>\n<li>Day, C., Sammons, P., Leithwood, K., Hopkins, D., Gu, Q., Brown, E. J., &amp; Ahtaridou, E. (2011). <em>Successful school leadership: Linking with learning and achievement<\/em>. McGraw-Hill Education.<\/li>\n<li>Fullan, M. (2001). <em>The new meaning of educational change<\/em> (3rd ed.). Teachers College Press.<\/li>\n<li>Goleman, D. (1998). <em>Working with emotional intelligence<\/em>. Bantam Books.<\/li>\n<li>Kotter, J. P. (1996). <em>Leading change<\/em>. Harvard Business School Press.<\/li>\n<li>Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., &amp; Hopkins, D. (2006). <em>Successful school leadership: What it is and how it influences pupil learning<\/em>. Department for Education and Skills.<\/li>\n<li>McGregor, D. (1960). <em>The human side of enterprise<\/em>. McGraw-Hill.<\/li>\n<li>Owens, R. G., &amp; Valesky, T. C. (2011). <em>Organizational behavior in education: Leadership and school reform<\/em> (10th ed.). Pearson.<\/li>\n<li>Tschannen-Moran, M. (2004). <em>Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools<\/em>. Jossey-Bass.<\/li>\n<li>UNESCO. (2017). <em>Leading better learning: School leadership and quality in the education, 2030 agenda: Regional reviews of policies and practices<\/em>. Paris: UNESCO.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> &#8211; \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. (2025\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 9). <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/em><em>: <\/em><em>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/em> \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a https:\/\/ar-entrepreneur.com\/\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a-\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>&#8211; \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. (2018\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 25) <em>\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em> (\u0635. 24) (\u0645\u0644\u0641 PDF). Book.https:\/\/www.noor-book. \u00a0Noor \/ \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628-\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>-\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0632\u064a.\u0633.\u0645.\u0623.(2011\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 30).<em>\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. <\/em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062a. https:\/\/almualem.net\/saboora\/showthread.php?t=28835<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> &#8211; \u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0631.\u0623. (2006) \u00a0<em>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/em> (\u0635. 254). \u00a0\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> &#8211; \u0632\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0647. (2018\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 22) <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629: \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/em> \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a 28 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anoubiyat.com\/news\">https:\/\/www.anoubiyat.com\/news<\/a> 34793j \/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c (2024\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 4) <strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 https:www.nna-leb.gov.lb\/ar\/education\/667296<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>&#8211; \u0625\u062f\u064e\u0647\u060c \u0631.\u060c <em>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0647: \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a.<\/em>\u060c (2015\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631\u060c 1) \u0623<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imlebanon.org\/2015\/10\/01\/circus-educational-school-rachel-eddde-sebhel\">https:\/\/www.imlebanon.org\/2015\/10\/01\/circus-educational-school-rachel-eddde-sebhel<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c (2021\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 4). <strong>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 \/https:\/\/elmarada.org \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629- \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644- \u0627\u062f\u0647- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629- \u0625\u0644\u0649- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> &#8211; \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c (2022\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 15) <strong>\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0637\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u061f<\/strong> \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 24. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lebanon24.com\/news\/lebanon\/971576\/\">https:\/\/www.lebanon24.com\/news\/lebanon\/971576\/<\/a>\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>&#8211; \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c (2015\u060c \u0627\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 25). <strong><em>\u0625\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629\u060c<\/em><\/strong>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a 29 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2025\u060c \u0645\u0646\u00a0 https:\/\/lkdg.org\/ode\/13788?utm_source<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>-Bass, B.M,&amp; Avolio, B. J. (1993, October). <em>Improving orgsnizational effectiveness \u00a0through Transformational Leadership<\/em>. SAGE Publicayions. Consult\u00e9 le 30 avril 2025,\u00e0 partir de <a href=\"https:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/improving-organizational-effectiveness-through-transformational-leadership\/book4228\">https:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/improving-organizational-effectiveness-through-transformational-leadership\/book4228<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> &#8211; Leithwood, K.,Day, C. Sammons, P., Harris, A., &amp; Hopkins, D. (2006)<em>. Successful school leadership: What it\u00a0 is and how it influences pupil learning<\/em>. Department for Education and Skills.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> &#8211; Owens, R. G., &amp; Valesky, T. C. (2011). <em>Organizational behavior in education: Leadership and school reform<\/em> (10 th ed.). Pearson.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>&#8211; Fullan, M. (2001). <em>The new meaning of educational change<\/em> (3<sup>rd<\/sup> ed.) Teachers College Press.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>&#8211; Tschannen-Moran, M.(2004). Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools. Jossey-Bass.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>&#8211; McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of entreprise, McGraw-Hill<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>&#8211; Bush, T., &amp; Glover, D. (2003). School leadership: Concepts and evidence. National College for School Leadership.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>&#8211; Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leadig change. Harvard Business School Press.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>&#8211; \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644- \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (11). \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 742.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a>&#8211; Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence, Bantam Books.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>&#8211; Day, C., Sammons, P., Leithwood, K., Hopkins, D., Gu, Q., Brown, E. J., &amp; Ahtaridou, E. (2011). Successful school leaderships: Linking with learning and achievement. Mc Graw-Hill Education.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>&#8211; UNESCO. (2017) . Leading better learning: School leadership and and quality in the education, 2030 agenda: Regional reviews of policies and practices, Paris: UNESCO.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a>&#8211; Barber, M., Whelan, F., &amp; Clark, M. (2010). Capturing the leadership premium: How the world \u2018s best- performing school systems come out on top. McKinsey &amp; Company.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a Educational leadership and its role in the development of educational institutions: Concepts, patterns, and challenges \u062e\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 Khansa Ahmad Hemdanieh \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645: 30\/4\/2025\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 13\/ 5\/ 2025 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 PDF \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":955,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,54],"tags":[60],"class_list":["post-1013","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-54","tag-60"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1013","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1013"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1013\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1015,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1013\/revisions\/1015"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1013"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1013"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1013"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}