{"id":1003,"date":"2025-09-28T09:38:30","date_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:38:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1003"},"modified":"2025-09-28T09:57:05","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:57:05","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d9%87%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1003","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0651"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0651 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>La citoyennet\u00e9 au Liban: entre concept et aspirations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f.\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0639\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Dr. Georges Eid Harb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 15\/ 6\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 19\/ 7\/2025<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629-\u0641\u064a-\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.pdf\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b 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-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u00a0 -\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00a0 -\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629- \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646<\/p>\n<p><strong>R<\/strong><strong>\u00e9sum\u00e9e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cette recherche retrace l&#8217;\u00e9volution du concept de citoyennet\u00e9 depuis Ath\u00e8nes et Rome jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019Europe moderne, et examine sa probl\u00e9matique au Liban. Elle souligne les obstacles historiques et politiques comme le f\u00e9odalisme et le confessionnalisme. L\u2019\u00e9tude retrace les \u00e9tapes du syst\u00e8me politique libanais, de l\u2019\u00e9mirat jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019apr\u00e8s-Doha, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant la crise entre l\u2019\u00c9tat et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. L\u2019auteur insiste sur l\u2019importance d\u2019une \u00e9ducation civique et d\u2019une identit\u00e9 nationale inclusive. Il propose les piliers d\u2019un \u00c9tat souhait\u00e9 bas\u00e9 sur la diversit\u00e9, la justice et la dignit\u00e9 humaine. La citoyennet\u00e9 r\u00e9elle ne peut \u00e9merger que par une r\u00e9volution culturelle centr\u00e9e sur l\u2019humain.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mots cl\u00e9s\u00a0:<\/strong> Citoyennet\u00e9- Liban- \u00c9tat- Appartenance &#8211; Pluralisme- Identit\u00e9- Culture politique- Crises- Application- Loyaut\u00e9- \u00c9tat civil- Participation- Construction nationale<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c 2009.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>2 . \u0628\u0634\u0651\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 2013.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2007.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 2011.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c 2015.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 2010.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c 2018.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>liste des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences fran\u00e7aises<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Touraine, Alain. Qu&#8217;est-ce que la d\u00e9mocratie ? Paris : Fayard, 1994 1<\/p>\n<p>2 -Habermas, J\u00fcrgen. L\u2019int\u00e9gration r\u00e9publicaine : Essais de th\u00e9orie politique. Paris : Fayard, 1998.<\/p>\n<p>3-Balibar, \u00c9tienne. Citoyen sujet et autres essais d\u2019anthropologie philosophique. Paris : PUF, 2011.<\/p>\n<p>-Balandier, Georges. Le pouvoir sur sc\u00e8nes. Paris : Balland, 1980.4<\/p>\n<p>. -Lefort, Claude. La d\u00e9mocratie \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve. Paris : Le Seuil, 19925<\/p>\n<p>.Rosanvallon, Pierre. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des \u00e9gaux. Paris : Le Seuil, 2011.- 6<\/p>\n<p>7- Gaspard, Fran\u00e7oise. Citoyennet\u00e9 et d\u00e9mocratie. Paris : \u00c9ditions La D\u00e9couverte, 2003.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629-\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 -\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> &#8211; will Durant (1966), <strong>the story of civilization<\/strong>, vol.N.Y., simon and Scruster, p. 126.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> &#8211;\u00a0 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0631\u060c <strong>\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 2013\u060c \u063516.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635. 18.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0624\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u060c\u00a0 <strong>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong> ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 23 \u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 264 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u060c2001) \u0635 104.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c 40.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 118.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0647\u0627..\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 45.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u064a \u060c\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 1989-2003 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 &#8220;\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 : \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647&#8221;. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0629 2-3\/4\/2004<\/p>\n<p>Mzawak, Mirna, l&#8217;engagement Chr\u00e9tien entre Conception et V\u00e9cu, Th\u00e8se de Doctorat en philosophie et Sciences Humaines, USEK, Juillet 2006.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u064a\u0628 : <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong>\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c 1992 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b . \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u060c <strong>\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651<\/strong> \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0640 1987 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 414 \u0648 415 .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0651 La citoyennet\u00e9 au Liban: entre concept et aspirations \u062f.\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0639\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628[1] Dr. Georges Eid Harb \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 15\/ 6\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":955,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[60],"class_list":["post-1003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-60"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1003"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1006,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003\/revisions\/1006"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}