{"id":1002,"date":"2025-09-28T09:39:46","date_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:39:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1002"},"modified":"2025-09-28T09:57:05","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T06:57:05","slug":"%d8%a3%d9%86%d8%ab%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%91%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%91%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/?p=1002","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 (\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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(\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anthropology of Sociological and Psychological Change in Political Discourse from Tribe to Party (Shiites of Ali and Shiites of Muawiyah)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629<\/strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

A<\/strong>bbas Anis Hamza<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

This research analyzes the profound anthropological, sociological, and psychological transformations that took place in Islamic society following the conflict between Imam Ali and Muawiya (37 AH), which led to a radical shift in loyalties from tribal structure to ideological party affiliations. The research shows how Muawiya was able to polarize Muslims through material temptation and influence by the Byzantine administrative model, using a dual discourse, religious and political, to confront Imam Ali and build a centralized authoritarian system that reconfigured the collective identity by employing the divine and messianic discourses against the Imamite discourse to consolidate his rule. On the other hand, Imam Ali’s discourse represented a moral authority, upholding religious and political legitimacy as a natural extension of the divine and messianic discourse, but he suffered from the division of his followers and the emergence of the Kharijites. The arbitration document was a crucial anthropological turning point, as it deepened divisions and laid the foundation for political Islam, which repurposed religion as an ideology to shape partisan loyalties and spawned deep-rooted sectarian currents. The research concludes that the conflict between Imam Ali and Muawiya, which was built on oppositional binaries, constituted the epistemological and historical shift that reshaped the Islamic collective identity from tribe to party. While Imam Ali sought to preserve the context of the revolutionary prophetic model based on justice and morality, representing legitimacy and a symbol of Islamic unity, Muawiya succeeded in establishing a pragmatic political system based on material and ideological loyalties, exploiting religion to serve power. This anthropological shift still casts a shadow on the Islamic reality today, emphasizing the power of political discourse to shape identities and change the course of history.<\/p>\n

Keywords<\/strong> :<\/strong>Anthropology, sociology, psychology, ideology, discourse, identity, formation, transformation, structure, context, binary, dichotomy, contradiction, religious, revolutionary, political.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: “\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629…\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.”[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0644 (\u0635)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0644 (\u0635)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0642\u0627\u0644: “\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064e \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631.”[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0644 (\u0635)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621: “\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a-\u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a.”[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064d \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0651\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f “\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0629 “\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631” \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a: \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651(\u0635) \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644: “\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0639\u0627”\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628.”[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651-\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2007\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a (\u062a:240\u0647)\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0647: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1995\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u062c7\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f (\u062a: 595\u0647\u0640) \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627.\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c\u064e \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627: \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06373\u060c 1990\u0645.<\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647: \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c 1996\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u06451\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1988\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647: \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1939\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2013\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12. \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644: \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u063711\u060c 2019\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13. \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u06454 (\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062c6\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1987\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15. \u0635\u0641\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1938\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Keanep, Webb, RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE, Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1997. Copyright \u00a9 1997 by Annual Reviews Inc.<\/li>\n
  2. Mu\u02bf\u0101wiyah I Umayyad caliph, Britannica, https:\/\/www-britannica-com.translate.goog\/biography\/Muawiyah-I<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [1]<\/a> \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1985\u060c \u062c7\u060c \u0635: 307-308.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c9\u060c \u0635:586.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0645.\u0646.\u060c \u062c11\u060c \u0635:463.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> -\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0647: \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1995\u060c \u0635: 141.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> -\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647: \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u060c \u0635: 407.<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0645.\u0633.\u060c \u0635: 154.<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> – \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635: 416-417. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u06453\u060c \u0635: 302.<\/p>\n

    *\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a (William James Durant) (1885\u20131981) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0624\u0631\u0651\u0650\u062e \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a (Ariel Durant) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 “\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> -\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0645\u062c4 (\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635:81.<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062c 2\u060c \u0635 412\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062c 3\u060c \u0635 61.<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a>\u00a0 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635: 340-341. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642: \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0642\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635:233. \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c3\u060c \u0635:300\u060c \u0645\u062c1 \u0635248. \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635:71.<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> -\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2013\u060c \u0635:106.<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> -\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062c4\u060c \u0635: 74.<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> \u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 – \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> – See: Keane, Webb, RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE, Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1997. 26:47\u201371. Copyright \u00a9 1997 by Annual Reviews Inc.<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a>-\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635: 417-418.<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> -\u0645.\u0646.\u060c \u0635: 418-419.<\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> -\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0647: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u061b \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u060c \u0635: 250.<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> -\u0645.\u0646.\u060c \u0635: 251.<\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> -\u0645.\u0646.\u060c \u0635: 251-252.<\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> – \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c2\u060c \u0635: 263.<\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> -\u0645.\u0633.\u060c \u0635: 263.<\/p>\n

    [24]<\/a> \u0645.\u0646\u060c \u0635: 263.<\/p>\n

    [25]<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c3\u060c \u0635 5-6\u060c \u0635: 307.<\/p>\n

    [26]<\/a> -\u0645.\u0646.\u060c \u0635:263.<\/p>\n

    [27]<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0635: 297. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0635: 359-363.<\/p>\n

    [28]<\/a> -\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u06451\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0635:172.<\/p>\n

    [29]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635: 20.<\/p>\n

    [30]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062c4\u060c \u0635: 37.<\/p>\n

    [31]<\/a> \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a”.<\/p>\n

    [32]<\/a>Muawiyah I Umayyad caliph, Britannica, https:\/\/www-britannica-com.translate.goog\/biography\/Muawiyah-I.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [33]<\/a> -\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062c5\u060c \u063553.<\/p>\n

    [34]<\/a> \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c4\u060c \u0635:262.<\/p>\n

    [35]<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635: 1773.<\/p>\n

    [36]<\/a> -\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644: \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062c1\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u063711\u060c 2019\u0645\u060c \u0635:235.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 (\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629) Anthropology of Sociological and Psychological Change in Political Discourse from Tribe to Party (Shiites of Ali and Shiites of Muawiyah) \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629[1] Abbas Anis Hamza \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 30\/ 4\/ 2025 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 30\/ 5\/ 2025 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":955,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,49],"tags":[60],"class_list":["post-1002","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-47","category-49","tag-60"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1002"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1008,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002\/revisions\/1008"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1002"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1002"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.al-manafeth.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1002"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}